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Absolute Participial Constructions
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21.0. The Nominative Absolute Participial Constructions (absolutives) are formed by two interdependent elements: a Common Case Noun (a Noun Phrase) or Pronoun in the Nominative Case (Subject form of the Pronoun) and Participle I or Participle II. The two elements have predicative relations and function as a detached adverbial modifier. This type of construction has loose grammatical connection with the finite-verb clause of the sentence and therefore is called absolute. Thus this syntactic complex bears mostly semantic relation to the verb-predicate of the sentence.
There are two subtypes of this complex: non-prepositional and prepositional. The non-prepositional Nominative Absolute construction is separated from the sentence by a comma or dash. Prepositional Absolute Participial Constructions are introduced by the preposition with. It is seldom set off by any punctuation mark.
21.1. The non-prepositional absolutive with PARTs is used as AM:
| 21.1.1. With (any form of) PI | 21.1.2. With PII |
| AM of attendant circumstances | |
| He looked through the window, his glance travelling towards the bridge. Marble hurried out of the car and walked away, tears streaming down her face. | She was smoking now, her eyes narrowed thoughtfully. The next day I observed you – myself unseen – for half an hour. |
| AM of reason | |
| But I was a little on edge, there being something to report. It being Sunday, everybody was going to the church. | We began to talk but, my attention distracted by my surroundings, I took small notice of him. |
| AM of time Note: The meanings of reason and time often combine. | |
| The work being finished,the two girls went into the shop. Ice having thus been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate. | The duster refolded and restored, he threw his legs across the saddle. The novel finished, she put the book aside. |
| AM of condition | |
| “ Other things being equal,” said Holmes, “one would suspect the person at whose head the master threw a decanter.” | He was a gentleman, but he was passionate, the cup once sipped, would he consent to put it down? |
| AM of manner He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed. |
21.2. The prepositional absolutive with PARTs is mostly used as AM of attendant circumstances or manner (sometimes with additional temporal, conditional or causal meaning).
| 21.2.1. With (any form of) PI | 21.2.2. With P II |
| Andrew went into the house with his heart beating fast. The officer sat with his fine hands lying on the table perfectly still. I won’t speak with him staring at me like that. | It’s unhealthy to sleep with the windows shut. She went on reading with her eyes fixed on the pages of her book. I can’t walk with my both legs wounded. |
21.3. Nominative Absolute constructions with the Participles can be reduced to absolute phrases in case they contain participles of the verbs be, have or some other verbs expressing location such as place, lie, stand, etc. and time that may be easily omitted, e.g.
- referring to time: The season (being) over, everybody was returning to the city;
- referring to location: He sat with his legs (being) on the desk. He sat, his legs (being) on the desk. They danced, their hands (lying/placed) on each other’s shoulders. I sat at the desk, (having) a pen in hand, thinking over the answer to the proposal.
Date: 2015-09-24; view: 680; Нарушение авторских прав