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Participle I and the Gerund compared
18.1. The form of PI and GER are identical and they have certain common morphological and syntactic characteristics. They share some verbal morphological and syntactic features, such as:
a) verbal grammatical categories of Time Correlation and Voice;
b) combinability of verbs (they can take Objects, Adverbial Modifiers, and may be followed by infinitives);
Some functions in the sentence are common for both PI and GER: they can be used as Attr., Predicative, Adv. Mod.(which is typical of Adjectives and Adverbs), but their use in these functions differs syntactically and semantically.
18.2. The difference between PI and GER concerns mainly their non-verbal features:
a) non-verbal combinability: GER in the functions of Attr. and AM follows prepositions, Participle I is never used with prepositions in these functions, but it can follow some conjunctions as an Adverbial Modifier (when, while, as if, if, as though);
b) the use in the functions of Attr., AM, Predicative: gerunds display mostly nominal tendencies in these functions, participles have mostly adjectival and adverbial features (which is revealed mostly in their functions of Attribute and Predicative):
| Gerund | Participle I | |
| Attribute | Like a N, GER takes prepositions when used after the modified word: art of teaching, talent for dancing; Like an Adj., it can be used before the modified word without prepositions (but easily paraphrased to take one): dancing lesson à lesson of dancing); boiling kettle à kettle for boiling; swimming competitions à competitions in swimming; | Like an Adj., PI is used before/after the modified word without prepositions: running children, rising sun, any person objecting. |
| Predicative | Like a N, GER discloses the meaning of the Subj., mostly by identifying it with some activity, process or event, thus giving, in most cases, permanent characteristics to the Subj.: His hobby was horse-riding/singing. | Like an Adj., PI provides qualitative features (mostly of temporary character) to the Subj.: The story was reassuring. The bullfighting looked disgusting. The castle had remained standing for several hundred years, in defiance of storms and earthquakes. |
18.3. Incontrastive phrases such as a dancing lesson/hall/party – a dancing couple/person/girl; boiling kettle – boiling water; climbing equipment – a climbing man, etc.one can see the semantic difference between GER and PI in the function of an Attr. GER names permanent qualities or features of the thing/person named by the modified N: a dancing hall is a hall for dancing, a boiling kettle is a kettle for boiling water, and climbing equipment means equipment used fro climbing. PI expresses temporary (in many cases, perceived or observed) features of the object/person named by the N: a dancing girl is a girl who is dancing (now), boiling water means water that is boiling when it is mentioned, and a climbing man is a man who is climbing when the speaker sees him or thinks about him.
18.4. In the function of AM GER always takes prepositions: upon seeing the enemy, instead of slowing down the car, after finishing the story, etc. PI is used alone or with some conjunctions: when reading, while saying the prayer, as if struck by lightning, as though having trouble speaking, etc.
As AM of attendant circumstances with negation, GER takes the preposition without, PI is used with the negator not, producing a synonymous expression.
He stood and glared at her without moving a muscle. He sat with his head dropped, not moving a muscle.
Note: Without+GER can be used as AM of condition: You can’t make an omelet without breaking the eggs.
Not+PI can be used as AM of attendant circumstances and AM reason:
He bowed, still not taking his eyes from the group of the dog and child. Not knowing what to say, he turned and left.
The difference between GER and PI as AM of attendant circumstances may be in their grammatical meaning: by saying what did not happen at the time of the main event, GER focuses on the Subject’s action or physical activity (it is more like an Adverb):
Why do you always enter without knocking (= You don not knock when you enter); Without saying a word, she walked up with a cordial face, shook hands with him, and patted him on the arm (=She walked up, shook hands, patted him and did not say anything).
PI focuses on the state, condition, inactivity of the Subj., perception or cognition (it is more like an ADJ):
She gazed at him, not taking her eyes off him, and smiling and holding her breath. "That's bad," one murmured to the other, not thinking that the words could be heard by the group at the door-wicket. "Yes, he's a very dear, good man," she thought several times, not hearing what he said, but looking at him and penetrating into his expression.
In Russian, however, such difference is not obvious – both GER and PI as AM of attendant circumstances are translated into Russian ether by деепричастие, or by a finite verb-clause: Она смотрела на него, не сводя глаз … (и не сводила глаз…).
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