Комунікативна практика. Порівняння, почуття, відчуття (look, feel, sound, smell, and taste + adjective)

Порівняння, почуття, відчуття (look, feel, sound, smell, and taste + adjective)

В англійській мові часто використовуються безособові вислови, що містять порівняння:

It sounds good. – Звучить добре.

It smells terrific. – Пахне погано.

It tastes beautiful. – Смакує чудово.

На відміну від української мови в таких реченнях використовують не прислівники, а прикметники, тобто порівняльна характеристика (good, terrific, beautiful) в англійському реченні відноситься до займенника it, а дієслова sound, smell, taste використовуються лише для зв’язку слів у реченні (linking verbs). Це стає цілком зрозумілим, якщо ми порівняємо наведені речення з прикладом, де особа вказана, а дієслово-зв’язка без будь-якої шкоди до змісту під час перекладу може бути пропущена:

I feel hungry. = I am hungry. Я голодний.

Exercise. Listen to the conversation and then use it as a model talking with your classmates.

A: What is in this box? It smells delicious!

B: Don’t touch it. It’s uncle’s Tom birthday cake. Why didn’t you have breakfast?

A: I felt awful. You know, we had a nice party yesterday…

B: Oh, I understand your feelings. Don’t worry; we’ll arrive in fifteen minutes.

A: It sounds good. I’m starving.

Вправи для самостійної роботи

Exercise 1. Translate the text into Ukrainian (Russian).

The real beginnings of computers as we know them today lay with an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). Frustrated at the many errors he found while examining calculations for the Royal Astronomical Society, Babbage declared, ‘I wish to God these calculations had been performed by steam!’ With those words, the automation of computers had begun. By 1812, Babbage noticed a natural harmony between machines and mathematics: machines were best at performing tasks repeatedly without mistake; while mathematics, particularly the production of mathematic tables, often required the simple repetition of steps. The problem centered on applying the ability of machines to the needs of mathematics. Babbage’s first attempt at solving this problem was in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform differential equations, called a Difference Engine. Powered by steam and large as a locomotive, the machine would have a stored program and could perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working on the Difference Engine for 10 years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to begin work on the first general-purpose computer, which he called the Analytical Engine. Babbage’s assistant, Augusta Ada King, a daughter of English poet Lord Byron, was instrumental in the machine’s design. One of the few people who understood the Engine’s design as well as Babbage, she helped revise plans, secure funding from the British government, and communicate the specifics of the Analytical Engine to the public. Also, her fine understanding of the machine allowed to create the instruction routines to be fed into the computer, making her the first female computer programmer. Babbage’s steam-powered Engine, although ultimately never constructed, may seem primitive by today’s standards. However, it outlined the basic elements of a modern general purpose computer and was a breakthrough concept. Consisting of over 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine included input devices in the form of perforated cards containing operating instructions and a “store” for memory of 1,000 numbers of up to 50 decimal digits long. It also contained a “mill” with a control unit that allowed processing instructions in any sequence, and output devices to produce printed results. Babbage borrowed the idea of punch cards to encode the machine’s instructions from the Jacquard loom. The loom, produced in 1820 and named after its inventor, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, used punched boards that controlled the patterns to be woven.

In 1889, an American inventor, Herman Holerith (1860-1929), also applied the Jacquard loom concept to computing. His first task was to find a faster way to compute the census in the USA. The previous census in 1880 had taken nearly seven years to count and with an expanding population, the bureau feared it would take 10 years to count the latest census. Unlike Babbage’s idea of using perforated cards to instruct the machine, Hollerith’s method used cards to store data information which he fed into a machine that compiled the results mechanically. Each punch on a card represented one number, and combinations of two punches represented one letter. As many as 80 variables could be stored on a single card. Instead of ten years, census takers compiled their results in just six weeks with Hollerith’s machine. In addition to their speed, the punch cards served as a storage method for data and they helped reduce computational errors. Hollerith brought his punch card reader into the business world, founding Tabulating Machine Company in 1896, later to become International Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. Both business and government used punch cards for data processing until the 1960’s.

Exercise 2. Make comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs.

late, lately, near, nearly (almost), especially, well, already, simple, rarely, far.

Exercise 3. Put the adverb in the parenthesis in an appropriate form (comparative or superlative).

1. I like this program (well) ________ than that.

2. Which of these TV channels do you enjoy (much) _______?

3. Which of these two books did you like (much) ________?

4. He does his job (correctly) _________ of all in this group.

5. The virus spread out (quickly) _______ than we expected.

6. With these new glasses I can see you (clearly) _______ than before.

Exercise 4. Translate sentences. Pay attention to the verb to take.

1. When messages are sent along the Internet, they are broken up into small “packets” that take different routes to get to the destination.

2. When selecting firewalls, the following considerations should be taken into account.

3. But when steps are taken to hide the sequence the result can have significant strength.

4. Typically, a ciphertext is deciphered under different keys until plaintext is recognised. On average, this may take about half as many decipherings as there are keys.

5. Typically these take the form of iterative applications of fairly simple computations.

6. Involution is a cipher which takes plaintext to ciphertext and ciphertext back to plaintext, using the exact same operation.

Lesson 5