Phoneticand 2) phonological

A phonetic mistake occurs when an allophone of one phoneme is replaced by another

allophone of the same phoneme; it affects non-distinctive (irrelevant) articulatory features, not affecting the meaning.

Ex.: the glide of the English diphthong [ a ] is too strong, it sounds like Russian [ай];

A phonological mistake occurs when the allophone of one phoneme is replaced by an allophone of a different phoneme;

it affects distinctive / relevant features it affects the meaning and leads to

misunderstanding;

Ex.: complete devoicing of the final English voiced consonants:

blue eyes [ z ]  blue ice [ s ]; correction: make the sound partially voiced,

but rather weak.

СПИСОК ВОПРОСОВ ПО ИСТОРИИ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ СТРАНЫ ОСНОВНОГО ИНОСТРАННОГО ЯЗЫКА (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)

1. Chaucer as the father of English poetry. Prove it or question it.

1. Chaucer as the father of English poetry. Prove it or doubt it.

Chaucer symbolizes, as no other writer does, the Middle Ages. He stands in much the same relation to the life of his time as Alexander Pope does to the 18^thcentury and Tennyson to the Victorian era. Chaucer’s place in English literature is more important than theirs. For this he is the first great English writer. Chaucer is regarded as the first great modern. He anticipated the modern taste and the modern mind. No other English writer has his skill and his large human outlook. Chaucer made several contributions to English poetry. He enlarged the range and scope of the poets, introduced minute observation of life around him, gave vivid and clear descriptions of the conditions of his times, excelled in characterization, made narration of art, and above all gave a new form and shape to English language and versification. With these contributions, he remains at the top of the history of English literature, with no competitors for hundreds of years to challenge his position. Chaucer is given this title for a few reasons. First, he is one of the first English poets that we know by name. During this time period, it was common not to know the author's name and label it as "anonymous," largely due to the tradition of passing stories along orally through time from one generation to the next. Second, we give him the title because of his accomplishments. His largest and best known is The Canterbury Tales. In this work (which is not finished as he died before its completion), Chaucer creates a frame story with his poetry. The outer story is the pilgrimage that the group is taking to pay homage to Thomas Becket at Canterbury. The inside story is a collection of short stories (the first of its kind which morphs into the short story as we know it today) focusing on the individual travelers. Third, Chaucer, through his own life experiences, is able to give us a picture of life in his age for all levels of society. His Tales give us the knight (highest ranking of the travelers) to the plowman (revered in Chaucer's time for their importance in providing food for the public, but certainly not considered as a wealthy or sophisticated member of society). Not many authors have ever been able to do this well, and it was several hundred years before Shakespeare came along and was also able to successfully represent all members of society in a straightforward and truthful way while still being entertaining. Chaucer's abandonment of this engaging but ultimately jejune (=meagre, scanty) metre in favour of a 10-syllable or iambic pentameter line was a portentous moment for English poetry. His mastery of it was first revealed in stanzaic form, notably the seven-line stanza (rhyme royal) of the Parlement of Foules (c. 1382) and Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385), and later was extended in the decasyllabic couplets of the prologue to the Legend of Good Women and large parts of The Canterbury Tales. Aabbccd = rhyme royal

2. The means of depicting a pilgrim’s character in The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer.

Chaucer’s characters are types as well as individual characters; each of the individuals represents his/ her class, profession, age, gender or some sort of type, but at the same time each one of them is described with such personal details about facial features, build, dress, individual traits, likes and dislikes, and so on, in order to make us feel that he/she is a real individual human being of the time. (For instance, the Knight is a typical medieval crusader, faithful servant of the British royalty, a knight who loved chivalry, honesty, truth and courtesy, But at the same time, he has his own very individual qualities: he is “as meek as a maid,”) Chaucer has kept a balance between the positive and negative traits of each class and individual characters. Not all the civil servants are ideal like the knight; there is a tax-evading Reeve who was richer than his lords by means of fraud and fright! Thus he balances between the good and bad people in each class (nobility, clergy and laity), each gender, each profession, and so on. The narrator notices features as specific as the color of a woman’s lips, the mole on the nose-tip about a man, the red face and rolling red eyes of a monk. But he also mentions features as general as the craze for aristocratic etiquette of a nun, the love roasted swan in the monk, the golden thumb of the miller. This variety and natural shift in the inclusion of the details also reinforces the impression of reality in the characterization. Chaucer barely holds the mirror up to the society of his time. He has included all the three estates, the nobility, the clergy and the commoners. Unlike the other writers who were lost in dreams and allegories, Chaucer has presented real life and people with their activities. From their descriptions, we understand the social and economic as well as the religious and moral aspects of the society of fourteenth century England.

Date: 2016-06-07; view: 426; Нарушение авторских прав