Phonostyles&their aims

1) Informational to communicate information without any emotional evaluation

2) Academic: to attract the listeners’ attention & establish a contact, to deliver the message across to the audience

3) Publicistic: to persuade the audience emotionally, to impose the speaker’s ideas on the listeners, to arouse enthusiasm

4) Declamatory: to appeal both to the mind & feelings of the audience, to create a specific emotional response from them

5) Conversational: depends on a particular communicative situation (the participants & the circumstances).

13. Standard English and Received Pronunciation (RP). The types and kinds of RP.

Peter Trudgill: “ the dialect of E. a) used in writing, b) spoken by themost educated and powerful native speakers in the UK,Australia, New Zealand and South Africa; and

c) taught to non-native students of E. ”. SE is used by about 12-15% of the population of the British Isles. Most SE speakers often speak it in their regional and social accents, and only about 1/3 of SE speakers have a standard accent –

Received Pronunciation (RP) – the type of British SE pronunciation which has beentraditionally considered the prestige variety,shows little or no regional variation and

is a model in teaching EFL.

A.C. Gimson:

1. conservative RP, “used by the older generation and, traditionally, by certain professions or social groups”: tired [t a d], our [ a ]; level [l e v l ];

2. general RP, “most commonly in use and typified by the pronunciation adopted by the BBC”:

tired [t a d], our [ a ]; level [l e vł];

3. advanced RP, “mainly used by young people of exclusive social groups” and “may indicate the way in which the RP system is developing and be adopted in the future as general RP”:

tired [t : d], our [ : ]; level [l  vł].

Alan Cruttenden:

1. general RP;

2. refined RP: “commonly considered to be upper-class” andassociated with “upper-class families and with professions traditionally recruited from such families”;

3. regional RP: “the type of speech which is basically RP, except for the presence of a few regional characteristics unnoticed even by other speakers of RP”.

J.C. Wells:

1. Mainstream RP, the unmarked, neutral, modern type of RP, typically spoken by BBC newsreaders;

2. Upper-crust RP (URP), the more conservative and old-fashioned type of RP, popularly associated with an elderly Oxbridge don, an upper-class army officer, or the older members of the Royal family;

3. Near-RP, strongly modified regional accents close to Mainstream RP, but including a few regional pronunciation features;

4. Adoptive RP, “spoken by adults who did not speak RP as children”.

14. The segmentation of oral speech.

It is the division of speech into smaller sections and elements (11): Discourse- Text –Phonopassage- Phrase/Utterance- Intonation group- Rhythmic group- Word(form)- Syllable- Phoneme- Allophone-Phone

§ Discourse: 1) a continuous stretch of spoken language larger than a sentence; 2) a set of utterances which constitute any recognizable speech event (e.g. a conversation, a joke, an interview); 3) a generic term for various types of text; § Text: a stretch of spoken language with a definable communicative function; § Phonopassage /supraphrasal unit: a brief portion of speech relevant to the point being discussed; § Phrase /Utterance: 1) a word or a group of words with a single speech function; 2) the string of sounds referring to actual speech sequences in specific situations; § Intonation group: a syntagm unified by the pattern of intonation; § Rhythmic group: a speech segment of a stressed syllable with the attached preceding/following unstressed syllables; § Word(form): an element of speech that can stand alone as a complete utterance, separated by pauses in speech; § Syllable: an element of speech that consists of a vowel / syllabic sonorant / vowel+consonant combination; § Phoneme: the smallest sound unit that can be segmented from the acoustic flow of speech and which can function as a semantically distinctive unit; § Allophone: a variant of a phoneme; • Phone: the smallest phonetic unit uncovered through segmentation of a spoken language that has not yet been classified as a representative of a particular phoneme.

15. Language interference. Phonetic and phonological mistakes in pronunciation.

Language interference is the superimposition of the systems and structures of one language onto the systems and structures of the other language.

Phonetic interference is the transfer of the pronunciation and prosody of one language onto the

pronunciation and prosody of the other language.

Acc. to their relation to meaning, mistakes in pronunciation are of 2 types: