Translate the following sentences into English. 1) Население держит вклады в различных депози­тарных организациях, таких как коммерческие банки, сберегательные и кредитные союзы

1) Население держит вклады в различных депози­тарных организациях, таких как коммерческие банки, сберегательные и кредитные союзы.

2) Денежная масса, измеряемая как сумма валюты и вкладов по текущим счетам, составляла всего 900 миллиардов долларов.

3) Эта сумма включает некоторые виды сберега­тельных депозитов.

4) В течение столетий физические товары, чаще все­го золото и серебро, служили в качестве денег.

5) Позднее, когда были введены бумажные деньги, они могли быть обращены в товарные деньги.

6) В целях регулирования национальной экономи­ки национальные финансовые органы наделяют­ся полномочиями по выпуску бумажных денег.

7) Так как деньги используются во всех экономи­ческих операциях, они оказывают мощное воз­действие на экономическую деятельность.

8) Компании отвечают на рост объёма продаж, за­казывая большее количество сырья.

9) Рост деловой активности увеличивает спрос на рабочую силу и поднимает спрос на основные фонды.

10) В экономике, переживающей подъём, цены фон­дового рынка растут, и компании выпускают акции и облигации.

III Translate the following dialogues from Russian into English:

Test Paper №1.

Variant 10.

I Read the following text and translate it in writing:

MONEY

Basically, money or funds go into purchasing assets, paying operating expenses and producing income. The operating expenses include the cost of materials and sup­plies. The manufacturer also must pay employee wages, rent or mortgage, insurance premiums and utility bills.

Small firms sometimes operate on a cash basis. They neither obtain credit, nor borrow money. Other firms ex­tend their resources through the use of credit. The own­er of the firm invests some of his own money and has a lot more of other people's.

The businesses use money to buy assets like land, buildings and furnishings, and tools, machines, and equipment. The manufacturer sometimes buys them with mortgage loans which he secures by the building or the equipment itself. In other words, the bank or insurance company really owns the property until the manufacturer has paid the mortgage in full. The use of debt, or cred­it, increases both the assets and the income of the pur­chaser. The use of borrowed money to make more money is called leverage. Big companies issue securities to at­tract funds from other companies and the public. Securi­ties are traded on the open market.

New businesses can start with the businessman's own assets. Start-up financing may also come from relatives and friends. The larger firms can obtain funds from venture capital investors. These financial intermediar­ies specialize in funding ventures with good promise and invest in businesses which generate high profits within five years.

Initially venture capital firms invested in high-tech industries, but now other branches enjoy this kind of fi­nancial aid, especially those working in the health-care field.

Funds can also be borrowed from the bank. In or­der to provide a loan, a bank must have funds to lend. This comes from paid-in capital, earnings of the previous years and the bank's customers' deposits. The banker always remembers that the money he lends is not his bank's own money. It is money deposited by the bank's customers, whether in a demand or time account. This idea limits the risk that a commercial banker will take.

To evaluate the risk, a banker must first obtain cer­tain basic information about the potential borrower: how much money the borrower needs, the purpose and the term of the loan, and how the borrower will repay the loan. The banker evaluates the three C's of credit: char­acter, capacity and capital — the integrity of the bor­rower, his ability to repay, and the soundness of his fi­nancial position.

The integrity of the borrower is determined by previ­ous loans and by his standing with other banks. Every­where in the world banks exchange credit information with each other.

The borrower's ability to repay depends on the pur­pose of the loan.

The financial position of the borrower is determined on the basis of his financial statement. This consists of a detailed balance sheet and a profit and loss statement. The bank demands an audited financial statement cover­ing the previous three years.

II Do the following tasks to the text given up: