Translate the following sentences into English. 1) Предприниматель берёт на себя риск, связан­ный с бизнесом, надеясь на получение при­были

1) Предприниматель берёт на себя риск, связан­ный с бизнесом, надеясь на получение при­были.

2) Рабочие получают зарплату в обмен на свою ра­боту.

3) Предприниматель также выводит на рынок но­вые продукты.

4) Во многих случаях владельцы делегируют ме­неджерам право принятия решений.

5) Владельцы не доверяют менеджерам.

6) Предпринимателю необходимы способности к са­мостоятельному суждению, чтобы предвидеть будущие изменения цен.

7) Спрос на предпринимателей возрастает во вре­мена политических перемен.

8) Предложение обычно соответствует спросу.

9) Их мотивация — более высокое ожидаемое воз­награждение.

10) Чтобы определить приносящие выгоду возмож­ности, предприниматель синтезирует информа­цию из различных источников.

III Translate the following dialogues from Russian into English:

Test Paper №1.

Variant 2.

I Read the following text and translate it in writing:

PROPERTY RIGHTS

The fundamental requirement of a market economy is a strong system of property rights.

A property right is the exclusive authority to deter­mine how to use and service a resource. Thus, for ex­ample, the owner of an apartment with complete prop­erty rights to the apartment has the right to determine whether to rent it out or to live in it himself. He has the right to determine which tenant to rent the apart­ment to. He can also use it in any other peaceful way. If the owner rents out the apartment, he also has the right to all the after-tax rental income from the prop­erty.

A private property right includes the right to dele­gate, rent, or sell any portion of the rights by exchange or gift at the price the owner determines. If I am not allowed to buy some rights from you and you there­fore are not allowed to sell rights to me, private prop­erty rights are reduced. Thus, the three basic elements of private property are (1) exclusivity of rights to the choice of use of a resource, (2) exclusivity of rights to the services of a resource, and (3) rights to exchange the resource at mutually agreeable terms.

The market values of property reflect the preferenc­es and demands of the rest of society. This creates an in­teresting paradox: although property is "private," owners make private decisions in accordance with public, or social, evaluation of their property. Thus one cannot sell his or her house at a price which is higher than the market price.

The fundamental purpose of property rights is that they eliminate destructive competition for control of economic resources. Well-defined and well-protected property rights replace competition by violence with competition by peaceful means.

Private property rights do not conflict with human rights. They are human rights. Private property rights are the rights of humans to use specified goods and to exchange them. Private property rights protect individu­al liberty.

Under socialism private property rights are reduced. Here government agents control resources. The rights of these agents to make decisions about the property they control are highly restricted. People cannot put the re­sources to more valuable uses by purchasing the rights be­cause the rights are not for sale at any price. As social­ist managers neither gain when the values of the resources they manage increase, nor lose when the values fall, they have little incentive to work. Consider, in this case, the socialist manager of a collective farm. If he works every night for one week, he can make, say, 1 million rubles of additional profit for the farm by arranging to transport the farm's wheat to the city before it rots. But if neither the manager nor those who work on the farm can keep even a portion of this additional profit, the manager is more likely to go home early and let the crops rot.

II Do the following tasks to the text given up: