Balance- рівновага; syn. equilibrium

blend - змішувати, зливати, об'єднувати

dominate - переважати, домінувати, підноситися

dull - тьмяний, матовий; ant. glossy - блискучий, гладкий

dwarf - підкреслювати маленькі розміри

enhance - збільшувати, підсилювати

fit – підходити, відповідати

foliage - листя, крона дерева

height - висота

horticulture – садівництво, horticulturist - учений-садівник

patio - внутрішній дворик

scale - масштаб, співвідношення, розмір

shade - тінь

soil - грунт

straight - прямій; ant. curved - вигнутий, кривий

texture - якість, текстура

tint - відтінок

unity - єдність

yield - приносити, давати (плоди, урожай, дохід)

Word Combinations

unit of landscape - елемент пейзажу

Pre-text Exercises

1. Read the following international words and guess their meanings:

line distance perspective scheme

object rhythm character theme

manipulate monotony symmetrical colossal

fountain identical variation circulation

drainage minimum maximum

2.Translate the words in bold type analyzing their word-formation model. Work with a partner and see how many words with the same word-formation model you can add to this list:

force - forceful, forceless rest - restful, restless

grace - graceful, graceless beauty - beautiful

colour - colourful, colourless skill - skillful

3. Form adjectives from the following nouns using the suffixes -ful, -less. Then form adverbs from these adjectives.

care harm thought

motion help success

pain faith end

4. Use some of the words (both adjectives and adverbs) from Ex. 2, 3 above to complete the text below. More than one variant is possible in some cases.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF A LIVING AREA

The living area must be___ organized to avoid wasted space.__

consideration is given to the house design, land form and house orienta­tion as they relate to space organization.

Private areas are usually a part of the living area. A private area may be
for reading and meditation or it could be an area for small group conversa-
tion, so this area should be____ and __. Space and equipment for

children's play are required in many landscapes and therefore it must also
be ____.

Sometimes to add more___________ elements designers use a water feature such as a swimming pool, spa, or a simple reflection pool. Because moving water creates a secure, relaxed feeling in a private area and is often overlooked for this use.

Each unit in this area should be a part of the whole and contribute to
the overall pattern so that a living area is__,_____ and_____.

5. BRAINSTORMING. a. Which 10 words from the list below would you associ­ate with landscape design?

fountain proportion form space

cabinet waste size colour

plant harmony line balance

location illumination building

b. Now work in pairs and discuss why these notions are important for landscape design. Give your reasons.

6. Read the text and find out what are the main principles of landscape design.

PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Colour, line, form, texture and scale are tools which are used in com­binations to adjust design principles. Design principles include unity, bal­ance, proportion, rhythm, repetition and simplicity. All these principles interact to yield the intended design.

Unity is obtained by the effective use of components in a design to express a main idea through consistent style. Unity is emphasized by consistency of character between units in the landscape. Use of elements to express a specific theme within units creates harmony. Unity can be

achieved by using mass planting and repetition. Unity means that all parts of the composition or landscape go together, they fit. A natural feeling evolves when each activity area belongs to and blends with the entire landscape. Everything selected for a landscape must complement the central scheme and must, above all, serve some functional purpose.

Balance in design refers to the equilibrium or equality of visual at­traction. Symmetrical balance is achieved when one side of the design is a mirror image of the other side. There is a distinct dividing line between the two sides. Equal lines, forms, textures or colours are on each side of a symmetrical design. Asymmetrical balance uses different forms, col­ours and textures to obtain balance of visual attraction. These opposing compositions on either side of the central axis create equal attraction. For example, mass may be opposed by colour or linear dimension by height. The landscape designer must skillfully manipulate the design ele­ments to create asymmetrical balance. The central axis must be prede­termined and then developed by the elements of art and other principles of design discussed in this article.

Proportion refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the design as a whole. One large towering oak may compli­ment an office building but would probably dwarf a single storey resi­dence. A three-foot pool would be lost in a large open lawn but would fit beautifully into a small private area. And of course, a colossal fountain would dominate a private garden but could enhance a large city plaza. Proportion in landscape design usually relates to people and their activ­ities. The desired size relationships of components in a design should pose little problem for the designer who considers this principle routine­ly in systematic thought processes.

Rhythm is achieved when the elements of a design create a feeling of motion which leads the viewer's eye through or even beyond the designed area. Tools like colour schemes, line and form can be repeated to attain rhythm in landscape design. Rhythm reduces confusion in the design.

Repetition refers to the repeated use of features like plants with iden­tical shape, line, form, texture and/or colour. Too much repetition creates monotony but when used effectively can lead to rhythm or emphasis. Unity can be achieved better by no other means than repetition.

Simplicity goes hand-in-hand with repetition and can be achieved by elimination of unnecessary detail. Too much variety or detail creates confusion of perception. Simplicity is the reduction of a design to its simplest, functional form, which avoids unnecessary cost and main­tenance.

Notes on the Text

intended design - задуманий дизайн confusion - безлад, плутанина

pose - являти собою

Text and Vocabulary Exercises

7. Find in Text В words and phrases which mean the opposite of

• exclude • disbalance • complexity • tiny

• artificial • symmetrical • multi-storey

• necessary • disharmony • ineffective

8. Match these words and expressions with their meanings. Then try to memorize them.

1. consistent style а. рука в руку

2. mass planting b. проектований простір

3. visual attraction с. узгоджений стиль

4. towering oak d. численні рослини

5. designed area е. зорове тяжіння

6. hand-in hand f. дуб, що здіймається, височіє над

10. Match the beginnings and endings:

1.Balance in design refers a)the repeated use of features like plants with to… identical shape, line, form, texture

2. Rhythm is achieved, b) the equilibrium or equality of visual when… attraction.

3. Repetition means... c)all parts of the composition or landscape 4. Unity means that… go together and fit…

5. Colour, line, form, texture d) adjust design principles.

and scale are tools used e) reduction of a design to its simplest,

in combination to… functional form

6. Proportion refers to... f) the size of parts of the design in relation 7.Simplicity can be achieved to each other and to the design as a whole.

by... g) the elements of a design create a feeling

of motion.

10. WORK IN PAIRS. Think of some questions to review the contents of the text and give answers.

11. Divide the text into logical parts and give each part a suitable title.

UNIT 10

ERGONOMICS

Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

benefit - n перевага, користь, благо, прибуток; v приносити/здобувати вигоду, користь, прибуток

current - нинішній, сучасний

ergonomics - ергономіка; ergonomist - ергономіст, фахівець з ергономіки

fit - п відповідність; v відповідати

include - включати, охоплювати, містити

government - уряд

interact - взаємодіяти;

interaction - взаємодія

option - вибір

perceive -розуміти, розрізняти

physiology - фізиологія

priority - пріоритет, перевага

psychology - психологія

reduce - скорочувати, зменшувати

tacit - той, що мається на увазі, мовчазний

trend - напрям, тенденція

virtually - фактично, по суті

Word combinations

brand image - фірмовий стиль

common sense - здоровий глузд, практичний розум

human sciences - науки про людину

manual handling - ручне управління

sensory acuity - гострота органів сприйняття

working posture - поза, положення тіла під час роботи

workplace layout - розташування робочого місця

Pre-text Exercises

1. Read the following international words and guess their meanings:

analyze analysis multidisciplinary

tendency method positive

traditional identify automation

2.Translate the following words analyzing their word-formation model. Work with a partner and see how many words with the same word- formation model you can add to this list.

govern — government move — movement

manage — management require — requirement

improve — improvement develop — development

3. Form nouns from the following verbs using the suffix -ment. Tranlate them into Russian:

achieve replace employ

attach establish enjoy

equip measure

4. BRAINSTORMING. Discuss the following questions:

1. Have you ever heard the term 'ergonomics'? If yes, in what context was it used?

2. What does ergonomics deal with, in your opinion?

3. Why can it be of considerable importance for design process?

5. Look at the following terms used to define ergonomics and guess their meanings:

human engineering, individual design, analytical techniques, user-friendly,

physical and psychological user characteristics, user-centered design. 6. Try to give your own definition of ergonomics using the sentence-frame below and the words and word combinations from Ex. 5 above. You are free to make some changes:

Ergonomics is a scientific approach also called....... which uses... to

find out... and apply... in... or...

7. Read the text to see how many of your ideas are mentioned.

ERGONOMICS AND ITS APPLICATION

Ergonomics is also known as human engineering, human factors en­gineering, user-centered design, inclusive design. Ergonomics is about en­suring a good fit between people, the things they do, the objects they use and the environments in which they work, travel and play.

Ignoring ergonomics may lead to designs which do not fit the physical, psychological or sociological needs of the users, leading to ineffective, inefficient or unsafe designs, which are unlikely to be commercially successful. The human sciences of psychology, anatomy and physiology provide information about the abilities and limitations of people, and the wide differences that exist between individuals. People vary in many ways: body size and shape, strength, mobility, sensory acuity, cognition, experience, training, culture, emotions, etc. Good designers and ergonomists are trained to consider the people who will use the products, systems and environments they design, but they also have many other factors to consider.

In recent years, crowded and competitive markets, raised consumer expectations, and new legislation have lead to a more rigorous application of ergonomics. Fundamental themes of ergonomics, such as 'user-centered design', 'user-friendly', 'inclusive design' and 'usability' have become buzzwords within the design industry. Ergonomics methods can be applied at the earliest stages of the design process, defining user needs and identifying opportunities for innovation.

Some design consultancies employ qualified ergonomists and many other design groups work closely with specialist ergonomics consultan­cies. Large manufacturers, such as Ford, Philips and Nokia employ er­gonomists to work alongside their in-house design teams. Most design projects involve multidisciplinary teams, including designers, engineers, marketing researchers, brand managers and, increasingly, ergonomists.

Ergonomics is a broad subject area and is applied in many areas of industry, commerce and government. It can be considered under three broad headings:

Physical ergonomics: Concerned with human anatomical, anthropo­metric, physiological and biomechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. The relevant topics include controls and displays, work­ing postures, manual handling, repetitive movements, workplace layout, safety and health, lighting, and the thermal and acoustic environment.

Psychological ergonomics: Concerned with mental processes, such as perception, cognition, memory, reasoning and emotion, as they affect interactions among people and with products, systems and environments. The relevant topics include mental workload, cognition, decision­making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human re­liability, work stress, training, cultural differences, attitudes, pleasure and motivation.

Organizational ergonomics: Concerned with the optimization of so-ciotechnical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. The relevant topics include communication, staff resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, partici­patory design, community ergonomics, co-operative work, new work models, organizational culture, virtual organizations and quality management.

Notes on the Text

inclusive design – дизайн, що враховує всі потреби користувача (вік, стать, фізичні вади та ін)

rigorous - неухильний

Text and Vocabulary Exercises

8. Find in the text words or phrases which mean the same as

• providing • differ • make possible • fields

• increased • is used • popular terms

• repeating • encompass • though

9. Find in the text words or phrases which mean the opposite of

• effective • efficient • safe • likely

• disabilities • similarities • less • the latest

10. Match these words and expressions with their meanings. Then try to memorize them.

1.usability а.температурне і звукове середовище

2. controls and displays b. кваліфікована робота

3. thermal and acoustic envi- с. оптимізація співпраці

ron ment d. кадровий менеджмент

4. skilled performance е. придатність

5. staff resource management f. кадрова ергономіка

6. participatory design g. системи управління і візуаль-

7. community ergonomics ного відображення інформацiї

11. WORK IN PAIRS. Think of some questions to review the contents of the text and give answers.

12. Divide the text into logical parts and think of a suitable title for each part.

13. Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:

1.Do you think ergonomics will become a basis of any workplace, any process or service? Why / Why not?

2. How much time will it take people to realize its importance?

3. Consider the situation in our country: are ergonomics criteria of work process popular with employees and employers? Why / Why not? Give your reasons.

UNIT 11

INTERIOR DESIGN

Active Vocabulary

Read and memorize the following words:

accessible - доступний, зручний

accessory - приналежність; допоміжне, додаткове обладнання

accommodate - пристосовувати

clear-sighted - проникливий

consultancy - консультування

costly - дорогий, цінний

encourage - сприяти

dimension - п розміри, величина; v дотримуватись потрібних розмірів

entertainment - розвага

hire - наймати

leisure - дозвілля, вільний час

leverage - важіль, двигун; засіб для досягнення мети

lifestyle - стиль життя

profound - глибокий, грунтовний

retail - роздрібний продаж

retreat - відходити, відступати, поступатись

Рге-text Exercises

1. Make nouns from the following verbs by adding -ment, -tion to the end and making necessary changes in spelling.

to treat to place to create

to develop to corporate to combine

to entertain to manipulate

2. Analyze the word-formation model and guess the meanings of the words:

to treat - to retreat to estimate - underestimated care- careful - careless usual - unusual environment - environmental to create – creativity safe - safety romantic - unromantic function - functionality

profession - professional

3. BRAINSTORMING. What do you think the function of interior design is? Give your reasons.

4. Read the text to understand what Interior Design is.

INTERIOR DESIGN

Interior design is the total creative solution for a programmed interior. It encompasses the conceptual planning, and the aesthetic and technical solutions applied to achieve the desired result. Interior design enhances the function and quality of interior spaces for the purpose of improving the quality of life, increasing productivity, and protecting the health and safety of its inhabitants.

Nowadays, people are more aware of their surroundings and many homeowners take an interest in making their home comfortable. A home that functions well is designed to accommodate the daily activities of each family member to help reduce the stress in our busy lives. In addition, a home filled with colours and objects that we cherish has a profound affect on our ability to relax and enjoy our time at home.

An appealing interior increases the market value of your home and makes hiring a designer a good investment. Not only can a designer save you time but he or she can also prevent costly mistakes. Today, designers are accessible to everyone - not just the wealthy. Designers can be hired for anything; from something as simple as choosing wall colours to more complex major renovations and both can have a huge positive impact on a space.

The interior designer distinguishes from an interior decorator: a deco­rator is concerned with surface decorations, such as paint, fabric, furnish­ings, etc., an interior designer is professionally trained, through educa­tion, experience, and licensing examination, to create spaces for living and working that are more than just attractive. The designer takes account of the space itself — its dimensions and construction, and how it will be used (for work, leisure, entertainment). Additionally, the designer consid­ers practical aspects, such as specific lifestyle factors, acoustics, ergonom­ics, lighting design, and health and safety considerations.

Designers are also aware of products and services on the market and are in a good position to suggest creative affordable solutions to a person's needs. The most important matter of concern when designing or planning interior design for the homes is to build an environment that caters to the individuals living there. Creating a space that is accommodating to each person's lifestyles is the general principle of interior design.

In addition to a mastery of the principles of interior design, and a com­prehensive understanding of materials, construction, furniture, fixtures, lighting design, and window and wall treatments, interior designers have a clear-sighted focus on the art of customer service - the goal, never out of view, is to leverage creativity, knowledge, and experience to ensure that the clients get what they want.

Notes on the Text

surrounding- середовище, оточення cherish - плекати, тримати в пам'яті

5. Find in the text phrases which mean the same as

• творче рішення • якість внутрішнього простору

• економити час • захист здоров’я і безпека

• декорація поверхні • всебічне розуміння матеріалів

• створювати простір для життя та праці

6. a. Match each word on the left with its definition on the right:

1. positive a. having power to create

2. to relax b. get pleasure from

3. creative c. practical and constructive

4. to enjoy d. cause or allow to become less tight

5. to build e. propose, put forward for consideration

6. to suggest f. put parts together to form a whole

b. Compose sentences with each word in a.

7. Re-read the text. In pairs, discuss the statements below. Say what you think about them and ask your partner if he/she agrees or disagrees with you.

1. Interior design is the total creative solution for a programmed in­terior.

2. Nowadays, people are less aware of their surroundings.

3. A home that functions well is designed to accommodate the daily activities of each family member to help reduce the stress in our busy lives.

4. An appealing interior decreases the market value of your home and makes hiring a designer a good investment.

5. Today, designers are accessible to everyone.

6. The designer does not consider practical considerations, such as spe­cific lifestyle factors, acoustics, ergonomics lighting design, and health and safety considerations.

7. Designers are not aware of products and services on the market and are in a good position to suggest creative affordable solutions to a person's needs.

8. Creating a space that is accommodating to each person's lifestyle is the general principle of interior design.

8. WORK IN PAIRS. Think of some questions to review the contents of the text and give answers.

9. Give a short summary of the text.

UNIT 12

WORKPLACE DESIGN

Active Vocabulary

Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

amenities - необхідні умови для комфорту

flexible - гнучкий, рухомий

laptop - ноутбук

property - властивість; власність

recognition - визнання, схвалення; усвідомлення

recognize - дізнаватися, визнавати, усвідомлювати

shortcoming - недолік, вада

support - v підтримувати; п підтримка