Supplement 1

GLOSSARY

Ability grouping. Combining students in separate instructional arrangements based on their achievement in an area of study (e.g., math or reading).

Acceleration. An approach in gifted education in which a student completes more than one school grade each year. Practices such as early admission, grade-skipping, advanced placement, telescoping of grade levels in upgraded situations, and credit by examination are some examples.

Accommodation, eye. Adjustment of the eye by changing the shape of the lens to allow a person to see clearly at different focal lengths. Active listening. A technique in which an individual conveys understanding of, and interest in, what a person is saying, through expressions, gestures, reflecting or reiterating statements, and similar means.

Adaptive behavior An individual's ability to meet standards set by society and his or her cultural group. The American Association on Mental Deficiency considers three areas of performance in assessing adaptive behavior: maturation, learning, and social adjustment.

Adaptive equipment. Devices developed to assist in the physical management of individuals with physical disabilities.

Adaptive physical education. Physical education programs designed to meet the specific needs of handicapped children and youth.

Adventitious. Acquired after birth through accident or illness, as contrasted with congenital (present at birth).

Adventitious deafness. A condition in which a person born with normal hearing sensitivity loses hearing as a result of accident or disease.

Advocacy. Efforts by parents and professionals to establish or to improve services for exceptional children and youth. Self-advocacy describes efforts made by the individual who will benefit from the results of advocacy.

Age norms. Standards based on the average performance of individuals in specific age groups.

Agraphia. Inability or loss of ability to write.

Air conduction. The process whereby sound waves travel through the air to the auditory mechanism.

Albinism. An inherited condition that results in a deficiency of pigment in the skin, hair, and iris of the eye. The condition causes the eyes to appear pinkish and in most cases is accompanied by sensitive and defective vision.

Ambiopia. Double vision.

American Sign Language. Also known as ASL or Ameslan, a visual-manual or sign language entirely unrelated to English. ASL is the language used most often by the adult deaf population in the United States where it originated.

Amniocentesis. A procedure applied during pregnancy to identify certain genetic disorders in the fetus.

Anecdotal method. A procedure for recording and analyzing observations of child behavior; narrative description.

Aniridia. Failure of the iris of the eye to develop fully.

Annual goals. Activities or achievements to be completed or attained within a year. Annual goals for handicapped children must be stated in individualized education programs (IEPs).

Anoxia. Lack of oxygen. If this occurs, brain damage may result.

Aphasia. Impairment in the ability to understand or use oral language; often associated with an injury or dysfunction of the brain.

Apnea monitor. A machine that is attached to an individual to detect cessation in breathing and is used when an individual demonstrates irregularities in respiration.

Apraxia. A condition involving difficulty with voluntary, or purposeful, muscular movement with no evidence of motor impairment.

Aqueous humor. The fluid that fills the front chamber of the eye, in front of the crystalline lens.

Architectural barrier. An environmental obstruction that prevents handicapped persons from using facilities. Examples include stairs, narrow hallways, and conventional restrooms.

Articulation. Speech sound production by modification of the stream of voiced and unvoiced breath, usually through movements of the jaws, lips, tongue, and soft palate.

Asphyxia. Deprivation of oxygen, as in smoke suffocation or drowning. If the deprivation is prolonged, the person may go into a coma, with accompanying brain injury or death.

Asthma. A chronic respiratory condition in which the individual has episodes of difficulty in breathing. Emotional factors can contribute to asthmatic conditions.

Astigmatism. An eye condition involving a refractive error in which rays from one point of an object are not brought to a single focus because of a difference in the degree of refraction in the different meridians of the eye; causes blurred visual images.

Ataxia. A form of cerebral palsy characterized by lack of muscle coordination; contributes to problems in balance and position.

Athetosis. A form of cerebral palsy characterized by involuntary, jerky movements of the extremities, as a result of fluctuating muscle tone.

Atonia. Also known as hypotonia; lack of muscle tone, at risk Often used to describe students with potential for experiencing some problem or deficiency.

Attention deficit disorder. A condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

Audiogram. A graph of hearing threshold levels as measured by an audiometer and plotted for different pure tone frequencies for each ear.

Audiometer. An instrument that measures hearing sensitivity and acuity. The measurement of hearing loss is recorded in terms of decibels, units of hearing loss, or as a percentage of normal hearing sensitivity.

Auditory training. Systematic training to improve an individual's use of remaining (residual) hearing.

Augmentative communication systems. Assistive devices and symbol systems that enhance the communication ability of individuals who have limited verbal communication skills.

Aural. Pertaining to the ears and hearing. Binaural refers to both ears.

Autism. A severe childhood disturbance characterized by bizarre behavior, developmental delays, and extreme isolation. Although it is now categorized as an exceptionality under "Other Health Impaired," the behavioral features are often appropriate for interventions employed with students who have emotional disturbance.

Baseline. Beginning observations as a foundation for measurement prior to intervention or treatment; a beginning point for comparison of treatment effects.

BD. An abbreviation for behavior disorder. Behavior disorder has become a synonym for emotional disturbance.

Behavior modification. Shaping behavior to minimize or eliminate negative behaviors and to emphasize and reinforce positive behaviors, through control of a learning environment with planned and systematic ap­plication of the principles of learning.

Bilingual. Having proficiency in two languages. Frequently used with reference to children who attend schools in which English is the standard language but who speak another language at home.

Blind. Having only light perception without projection or being totally without the sense of vision. Educationally, the blind child learns through tactile and auditory materials.

Bone conduction. Transmission of sound through the bones of the skull to the inner ear.

Braille. A system of six raised dots used to present a code that can be read through the sense of touch.

Brain-injured child. One who before, during, or after Birth has received an injury or suffered an infection to the brain that impedes normal development.

Cataract. A condition causing opacity of the lens of the eye, resulting in visual limitation or blindness. Surgical removal of the lens is the most frequently used method of restoring or improving sight. Cataracts occur much more often among adults than among children; in children the condition may occur as a results of rubella (one form of measles).

Catheter. A narrow tube of rubber, plastic, metal, or glass, which can be inserted into the body to empty the bladder or kidneys, by a method known as catheterization.

Catheferization. The process of introducing a tube into the bladder through the urethra for withdrawal of urine and is used when an individual is unable to empty the bladder naturally. CEC. Abbreviation for the Council for Exceptional Children.

Central nervous system (CNS). The brain and spinal cord.

Cerebral palsy (CP). An abnormal alteration of human movement, or motor function arising from a defect, injury, or disease of the tissues of the central nervous system. Three main types are usually described — spastic, athetoid, and ataxic.

Child Find. An organized effort to identify all handicapped children in need of special services.

Children with chronic illnesses. A term used in classifying children with diseases that may last for months or a lifetime. Examples include asthma, diabetes, cancer, and cystic fibrosis.

Class action. A legal procedure carried out on behalf of a particular person to benefit all others with similar problems.

Class size. A factor in many state laws, regulating the number of handicapped students to be served by one teacher; also expressed as pupil-teacher ratio, cleft palate A condition characterized by an opening in the roof of the mouth, involving the hard or soft palate, or both, and often extending through the upper lip. Causes nasal speech, certain articulation problems, and sometimes additional physical problems.

Code-switching. A speaker's ability to shift between two or more dialects.

Cognition. The understanding of information.

Compulsory attendance. Federal and state laws requiring children to attend school.

Conduct disorder. One of the classifications of behavior disorder in Quay's dimensional classification system; describes individuals who have aggressive and other negative behaviors (e.g., boisterous, bullying).

Conductive hearing loss. A form of hearing loss characterized by obstruction along the sound conduction pathway leading to the inner ear. This form of hearing loss is the most preventable and treatable.

Congenital. Describes the presence of a condition or characteristics in an individual at birth but not limited to hereditary factors. Examples are congenital deafness and congenital heart defects. In contrast, adventitious conditions are acquired after birth.

Consent. Permission from parents to evaluate a child or to place a child in a program.

Consulting teachers. Specially trained instructors who', consult with teachers and other instructional personnel involved in educational programs for exceptional children. Their roles differ from those of itinerant teachers in that consulting teachers do not provide direct services to handicapped children and youth except when demonstrating a technique as part of the consultation.

Convergent production. Seeking one solution or answer to a problem or question.

Cornea. The clear, transparent, outer coat of the eyeball forming the covering of the aqueous chamber.

Council for Learning Disabilities (CLD). An organization of professionals who work directly or indirectly with persons who have learning disabilities. Formerly the Division of Children with Learning Disabilities of the Council for Exceptional Children.

Counseling therapy. A structured relationship or process through which an individual is helped to feel and behave in a more satisfying way, gain a better understanding of himself or herself, and take positive steps toward dealing with the environment through information, reactions, and stimulation. A counselor or therapist directs this process.

Criterion-referenced test. A measure to ascertain an individual's performance compared to a set criterion. The person is evaluated on his or her own performance and not in comparison to others.

Cultural-familial. Describes a condition in which an individual is diagnosed as having mental retardation without evidence of cerebral pathology, but having a family history of intellectual subnormality and cultural deprivation.

Cystic fibrosis (CF). The most common, and usually fatal, hereditary disease of childhood; affects most body organs, particularly the lungs and pancreas Abnormal mucus secretions obstruct bodily functions, especially the ability to clear the lungs, which results in excessive coughing.

Deaf (deafness). A condition in which the sense of bearing is so lacking or drastically reduced as to prohibit normal functioning and the auditory sense is not the primary means by which speech and language are learned.

Decibel (db). A unit of hearing or audition; extent of hearing is expressed as the number of decibels necessary for the person to hear pure tones above the baseline used to measure normal hearing.

Defense mechanisms. An individual's coping processes to facilitate approach or avoidance behaviors.

Deficit. A level of performance that is less than expected for an individual.

Deinstitutionalization. The practice of placing handicapped persons in community programs rather than large residential facilities. Large numbers of people have been removed from institutions and placed in more appropriate community environments.

Denial. A defense mechanism operating unconsciously resolve emotional conflict and anxiety by no recognizing thoughts, feelings, needs, or external reality factors that are consciously unacceptable.

Dependence. The tendency to rely on someone else for assistance in decision making, personal care, and other areas of need.

Deregulation. A process employed to reduce the restrictiveness of regulations governing the implementation of laws.

Developmental disability. A condition that originates in childhood and results in a significant handicap for the individual, such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and conditions associated with neurological damage.

Diabetes. A metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to properly utilize carbohydrates in the diet because of failure of the pancreas to secrete an adequate supply of insulin, or failure of the insulin secreted to function properly in the digestive process, resulting in an abnormal concentration of sugar in the blood and urine. Symptoms are excessive thirst, excessive urination, weight loss, slow healing of cuts and bruises, pain in joints, and drowsiness.

Dialect. Rule-governed sound, form, and content variations in a language as a result of age, race or ethnic group, geography, or other factors that isolate one group of speakers from another; the standard dialect is that used by those of the prevailing group.

Differential reinforcement. Providing rewards for behavior in the presence of one stimulus situation and not reinforcing in the presence of other stimulus conditions.

Diplegia. Paralysis of the body in which both sides are affected; a result of injury to both hemispheres of the brain.

Disability. A functional limitation resulting from a condition (e.g., a paraplegic would have a disability because of the inability to use the lower part of the body).

Discrimination learning. The ability to differentiate relevant cues and dimensions, dispute settlement. The outcome of methods used to resolve disagreements between parents (or parent surrogates) and school officials. Conferences, mediation, and hearings may be involved, divergent production Generating many solutions to a problem.

Diversity. A term used to refer to the range of individual differences among students in a classroom or school. The contributors to the range of differences may include cultural backgrounds of students, learning styles, or instructional needs related to disabilities.

Down syndrome. A clinical type of mental retardation resulting from a specific abnormal chromosomal arrangement. Most individuals with Down syndrome have intelligence in the moderate range of retardation.

DSM-1U-R. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition – revised) published by the American Psychiatric Association; it serves as a manual of mental disorders and criteria used in making psychiatric diagnoses.

Due process. In an educational context, refers to procedures and policies established to ensure equal educational opportunities for all children.

Dysfunction. Partial disturbance, impairment, or abnormality in a particular bodily activity.

Dyslexia. A serious reading disability in which an individual fails to learn to read despite adequate intelligence and proper classroom instruction; commonly associated with an injury or dysfunction of the brain.

Echolalia. A speech condition characterize by involuntary repetition of words, syllables, or sounds spoken by others, as if echoing them; a common characteristic of severe retardation.

Ecological assessment. The process used to identify the specific skills an individual needs to function in domestic, vocational, recreational, and community environments.

Electroencephalogram (EEC). A mechanical racing made by an electroencephalograph that depicts electrical output of brain waves. An EEC is useful in studying seizures accompanying brain injuries, epilepsy, etc.

Eligibility. Criteria to determine who does and who does not qualify for a specified program.

Emotional liability. Frequent and unexpected shifts in a person's mood.

Endogenous. Originating from within rather than outside of (exogenous) a person.

Enrichment. An approach in teaching talented or gifted pupils whereby curricular activities or experiences are expanded into greater depth of understanding and application than those of a regular class. May include resource reading, creative projects, community application, special assignments, small group work and other adaptations of routine school processes.

Epilepsy. A chronic condition of the central nervous system characterized by periodic seizures accompanied by convulsions of the muscles and, with the more severe attacks, loss of consciousness.

Equal protection. The principle set forth in the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees the same rights and benefits to all citizens with respect to government, unless the withholding of rights and benefits has a justifiable reason — e.g., an epileptic person with regular seizures may not be allowed a driver's license and certain other rights, to protect others.

Etiology. The cause of a disorder, disease, or handicapping condition.

Exceptional children. Those whose performance and behavior vary from the norm to the extent that special instruction, assistance, and/or equipment are required. Children may be classified as exceptional because of intellectual, physical, behavioral, or sensory reasons. The term also is used to describe gifted children.

Excess costs. Extra costs incurred in educating a handicapped child. For example, if the average per-pupil cost for educating a nonhandicapped child is $1,800 per year and the average per-pupil cost for educating a handicapped child is $2,800 per year, the excess cost is $1,000.

Exogenous. Originating from external rather than internal (endogenous) causes.

Family dynamics. Refers to the structures, interactions, patterns, and responses of individuals within a family unit. With a handicapped child. family dynamics may include overcompensation or rejection by some or all members, for example.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). A condition found in some infants of alcoholic women, marked by low birth weight, retardation, cardiac and physical defects, field of vision. The entire area one can see without shifting the gaze; in visually impaired individuals a reduction in field of vision can be considered a handicapping condition.

Flow-through funds. Those that are mandated to local districts by-federal laws but are required to be distributed by the state education agency (SEA). Also called pass-through funds.

Fluency. 1. Uninterrupted smoothness and rapidity, as in reading or speaking. 2. In Guilford's structure of the intellect, the factors in creative thinking that represent the quality and the number of ideas produced.

Foster home. A living environment other than one with the parents, in which a child may be placed for rearing, usually by a family or welfare agency.

Fragile-X syndrome. A recently identified chromosomal disorder associated with mental retardation.

Functional Nonorganic. The model of curriculum that prioritizes instruction based on skills that are critical to independent functioning in adult integrated community environments.

Functional domains. The domains of living in which adults typically live, including domestic, vocational, recreation/leisure, and community.

Galactosemia. The condition characterized by an inborn error in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Mental retardation is one effect, as is visual impairment.

Generalization (of learning). The process of forming a conclusion based on or inferred from a number of specific facts or instances. Lack of ability to generalize learning to situations other than that in which the learning occurred is characteristic of children with reduced intelligence.

Grade level. The placement of a child in the school program: students typically enter first grade at age 6 and progress one grade per year.

Grammar. Descriptive or prescriptive rules governing the interactions of word order (syntax) and word form (morphology) in any language.

Grand mal. A severe form of epileptic seizure involving loss of consciousness and extreme convulsions.

Group home. A form of alternative living arrangement in which individuals with retardation and multiple handicaps live in a community setting rather than in an institution.

Guilt. Feelings of being responsible or at fault for an event or circumstance. Some parents of handicapped children, for instance, feel they are to blame for their child's handicapping condition, habilitation. The process of improving an individual's performance in a broad range of skills and abilities. Often used in reference to services provided to persons with severe handicaps to prepare them for employment opportunities.

Handicap. The consequence of a disability when it causes an individual to function measurably lower than typical individuals intellectually, emotionally, or physically, to an extent that special programs and services are needed. This term does not include gifted individuals as does the term "exceptionality."

Handicapism. A term referring to prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination against persons with disabilities.

Hearing loss (Impairment). A deficiency in the ability to hear. Play range from a mild loss to a total lack of hearing ability (deafness). Hearing impaired individuals require extensive training in communication methods.

Hemiplegia (hemiparesis). Paralysis of the arm and leg on one side of the body. The latter term imply: User severity.

Hemophilia. A condition, usually hereditary, characterized by failure of the blood to clot following an injury. Profuse bleeding, internal as well as external, occurs from even slight injuries. Found primarily in males, because of hereditary determination factors. An individual with this affliction is called a hemophiliac.

Hepatitis B. A disease characterized by infection and inflammation of the liver. It is transmitted through close personal contact, specifically through blood, saliva, and semen as well as through environmental surfaces (mats, teaching materials).

Herpes. A family of diseases. Two are of concern to people who provide group care for children: herpes simplex oral and herpes simplex genital. Symptoms of the former include fever and bleeding ulcers and cold sores in the area around and in the mouth; symptoms of the latter include ulcers on the genitalia and pain or tenderness in the genital area. Oral herpes is transmitted by saliva or respiratory droplets and genital herpes by direct contact with the infected area. There is no cure, but there is relief for symptoms.

Hertz (Hz). A unit of measurement of frequency, or vibrations per second of sound waves.

Heterarchy. Vertical orderings on a comparable level; no one entity is on top of everything; in contrast to hierarchy.

HIV (AIDS). HIV affects the individual's ability to fight off infections. It is transmitted by exposure to infected blood through transfusions and needles, through sexual contact with an infected partner, and from infected mothers to infants during the perinatal period.

Hologram. An image created by a dynamic process of interaction and differentiation.

Homebound instruction. Teaching provided by specially trained instructors to students who are unable to attend school. Homebound instruction usually is provided on a short-term basis.

Hydrocephalus (hydrocephaly). A condition of excess cerebrospinal accumulation in the cranial cavity, causing undue pressure on the brain and resulting in an enlarged head. Referred to sometimes as "waterhead." Now, surgical procedures such as shunting are used to reduce fluid pressure and head enlargement. If unchecked, the condition usually causes mental retardation.

Hyperactive. Describes behavior characterized by abnormal, excessive activity or movement that may interfere with a child's, learning and cause considerable problems in managing behavior.

Hyperopia. Farsightedness; poor vision at close range, because of shortened eyeball from back to front so the light rays tend to focus behind the retina. Hyperopia most often is corrected by using convex lenses, which bend the rays so they will focus on the retina.

IEU. An abbreviation for intermediate education unit. Several states have educational units that comprise several districts or counties. These units also may be referred to as intermediate districts or cooperative, multicommunity, or county units.

IHE. An abbreviation for institutions of higher education. Frequently used in referring to private or public colleges and universities.

Immaturity. A stale of being not as fully developed as normally would be expected in physical, mental, or emotional capacities. Opposite of maturity.

Impulsivity. The act of making quick and often erroneous responses without considering the consequences of the action.

Incidence. As applied to exceptional children, incidence refers to the number of individuals who at some time in their lives might be considered exceptional.

Individualized curriculum sequencing (ICS) approach. A remedial intervention used with students who have severe and multiple disabilities, following the most logical order of learning for a given child.

Individualized education program (IKP). A requirement of PL 94-142 stipulating that a written education plan must be developed and maintained for each handicapped child. The IKP must include a statement of the child's current level of educational performance, annual goals, short-term instructional objectives, specific services to be provided, dates services are to be provided, and criteria for evaluation.

Inner ear. Made up of the cochlea and the semicircular canals, the innermost part of the hearing mechanism.

Integrated therapy. The delivery of related services such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy by incorporating therapeutic interventions into students' usual daily activities. Contrasted with the isolated therapy model, in which students receive specific therapy in one area.

Integration. In the context of special education, refers to the placement of handicapped children in educational programs also serving nonhandicapped children.

Interdisciplinary. The collective efforts of individuals from several disciplines in assessing and planning a program for an individual. An interdisciplinary team might include, for example, a teacher, psychologist, physician, and social worker.

Interpreter. A professional who facilitates communication between hearing and deaf individuals, usually by translating between voiced information and sign language. Oral interpreters mouth the speaker's verbal information to enable the hearing handicapped individual to speechread the message.

Intrapsychic approach. Also termed "psychoanalytic approach"; seeks to understand etiology through examining inner turmoil reflected by observable behaviors.

Iris. The colored portion of the eye, which contracts or expands involuntarily depending upon the amount of light entering it. The iris functions similarly to the shutter of a camera.

Itinerant teachers. Those who are trained to provide direct services to handicapped children and youth. They do not operate a classroom but visit handicapped children and youth assigned to regular classes. They also consult with regular classroom teachers.

Language. A system of words or symbols and the rules for putting them together to form a method of communication among a group of individuals.

LD. An acronym for learning disabilities.

LEA. An abbreviation for local education agency.

Least restrictive environment. The educational milieu that is as much as possible like that of students in the "mainstream" school environment, without detracting from the learning and growth of the student with a handicap.

Legal blindness. The level of visual impairment at which eligibility for special consideration, services, or funding is set. Defined as 20/200 in the better eve after correction or vision that does not exceed 20" in the visual field.

Lens (of eye). The transparent component of the eye between the posterior chamber and the vitreous body that functions in focusing light rays and images on the retina.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. An inborn error of metabolism, characterized by retardation and negative behaviors.

Life-space interview. A procedure in which a trained professional helps a child work out responses to situations; one aspect of the psychoeducational approach to emotional disturbance.

Longitudinal study. Research that follows a case or situation over a considerable time, usually a number of years.

Low-incidence handicap. A classification of impairments that are few in number in relation to other handicaps of the general population (e.g., those involving vision, hearing, or orthopedic impairments).

Low vision. Educationally, refers to severe visual impairment after correction but with the potential to increase visual functioning through optical aids, nonoptical aids, environmental modifications, and specific techniques.

Machine suctioning. A process involving a machine with a long tube that is inserted into a person's mouth and throat, when necessary, to remove excessive fluid.

Macula. The small area near the center of the retina, responsible for detailed vision.

Mainstreaming. The practice of educating exceptional children in regular educational settings. Generally invokes placement in regular classrooms and providing support services when necessary. Used most often with students who have mild handicaps.

Mandate. A requirement that specific tasks or steps are to be earned out (i.e., federal and state laws mandating that educational services be provided to all handicapped children and youth).

Manual communication. A system sometimes used by deaf individuals employing sign language or a code expressed primarily through the hands.

Manually-coded English (MCE). A communication option for deaf individuals; combines American sign language vocabulary with some pragmatic English structures; fingerspelling supplements ASL signs.

Medical model. One approach to emotional disturbance, viewing present behaviors as symptoms of an underlying cause.

Medically fragile. Children requiring specialized health care procedures for life and/or health support in order to attend school.

Meningitis. Inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Meningocele. A sac-like membranous pouch that protrudes through an opening in the skull or spinal column; the sac contains cerebrospinal fluid but no spinal nerves. Often occurs in conjunction with spina bifida.

Mental age. The level of intellectual functioning based on the average for individuals of the same chronological age.

Mental retardation. A broadly used term that refers to significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning manifested during the developmental period and existing concurrently with impairment in adaptive behavior. At present, definitions indicate a person having an IQ of 70 or less and showing impairment in adaptation or social ability.

Metacognition. Refers to self-knowledge about how one learns and the regulation of one's own cognition.

Microcephalus (microcephaly). A condition in which the head size is small because of an inherited defect that causes reduced brain size and severe mental retardation.

Middle ear. The part of the ear consisting of the eardrum, the three bones of the hearing mechanism, and the Eustachian tube.

Minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). A term referring to children near average, average, от above average intelligence who show learning or behavior disorders as a result of diagnosed or suspected deviations in functions of the central nervous system. The preferred term at present is learning disability.

Mobility. The process of moving about safely and effectively within the environment. An especially important ability for blind persons, who must coordinate mental orientation and physical locomotion to achieve safe, effective movement. Mobility aids such as cares, guide dogs, sighted guides, or electronic devices help them move about.

Modeling. A teaching technique in which the teacher performs a desired behavior and encourages the pupil to try the same behavior, using the teacher's demonstrated behavior as an example.

Monitoring. Activities conducted to ensure that particular requirements or procedures are carried out.

Monoplegia. Paralysis involving one limb.

Morphology. The form of a single word, in language. A morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has meaning.

Multifactorially inherited disorders. Conditions resulting from the combined effects of genetic and environmental components.

Multihandicaps. Concomitant impairments, the combination of which causes problems in learning.

Muscular dystrophy (MD). A hereditary disorder that causes loss of vitality and progressive deterioration of the body as a result of atrophy, or the replacement of muscle tissue with fatty tissue.

Myelomeningocele. See meningomyelocele.

Myofunctional therapy. The training of tongue movements to aid speech production.

Myopia (nearsightedness). Condition in which distance vision is poor, usually because of a lengthened diameter of the eyeball from front to back, causing the image to come in focus at a point in front of the retina. Myopia usually is corrected by eyeglasses having a concave lens.

Native language. The language an individual uses most naturally and learned first.

Neonatal. Refers to time between the onset of labor and 6 weeks following birth.

Neurologically impaired or handicapped. Pertaining to any of a number of conditions resulting from injury or malformation of the central nervous system. Conditions such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and the Strauss syndrome are examples.

NIMH. Acronym for the National Institute of Mental Health.

Nondiscriminatory testing. The use of assessment instruments that allow the individual being tested to perform maximally on those skills or behaviors being assessed. A test discriminates against an individual when the norms are inappropriate, the content does not relate to the individual's cultural background, the examinee does not understand the language of the test items or of the person administering the test, or when sensory problems interfere with performance.

Norm. A standard based on the performance of a representative group with which the performance of others on similar tasks can be compared.

Norm-referenced tests. Instruments used to ascertain an individual's performance compared to others' performance on the same instrument.

Normalization. An ideology that has been emphasized as a principle of human service; addresses and provision of patterns of life for the handicapped that are as close as possible to those of members of society in general. This principle has received particular support in reference to improving services for persons with mental retardation.

Nystagmus. Continuous, involuntary movement of the eyeball; usually affects both eyes and is associated with visual impairment.

Occupational therapy. Engaging individuals or groups in activities designed to enhance their physical, social, psychological, and cognitive development. A major service provided by most rehabilitation centers.

Ophthalmologist. A physician (M.D.) specializing in diagnosis and treatment of defects and discuses of the eye who can perform surgery, prescribe drugs, and determine the proper lenses.

Optic nerve. The cranial nerve that carries nerve impulses of sight to the brain.

Optician. A technician who grinds lenses, fits them in flames, and adjusts frames to the wearer.

Optometrist. A licensed doctor of optomehy (O.D.) who specializes in measurement of refractive errors of the eye and prescribes glasses or contact lenses to correct these errors. Those specializing in low vision prescribe optical aids such as telescopic lenses.

Oral. Pertaining to, surrounding, or done by the mouth, as in speech.

Organic. Refers to factors within the body, particularly the central nervous system, that can cause a handicapping condition.

Orthopedic handicap. A disabling condition caused by physical impairments, especially those related to the bones, joints, and muscles, orthosis. An appliance used to support, correct, or allign a physical deformity; a brace.

Osteogenesis imperfecta. A condition characterized by defective development of bone tissue.

Otitis media. Inflammation of the middle ear, possibly accompanied by pain, fever, interference with hearing, and vertigo. The condition can result in conductive hearing loss or impairment.

Pacing. Regulating the rate, which material is presented to a student according to how rapidly he or she can learn it.

Paralysis. Loss of voluntary movement or sensation in a part of the body; caused by disease or injury.

Paraplegia. A person trained as an assistant to a professionally qualified teacher. Some stales have certification requirements for paraprofessionals.

Parent-to-parent group. A program designed to allow parents of handicapped children the opportunity to discuss their feelings about their children, which can be highly beneficial.

Partially seeing. Having visual acuity greater than 20/20 but not greater than 20/70 in the better eye with correction; this term is no longer used by practitioners in the field.

Peer tutoring. An instructional approach involving the pairing of students to help each other. Teachers will guide the tutoring by assisting the tutors on techniques and ensuring that the objectives of the tutoring session are understood.

Perceptual disorders. Difficulties or deficiencies in using the sense of sight, touch, smell, taste, or hearing to correctly recognize the various objects or situations within the environment. This type of disorder may become apparent in a student's poor performance in activities such as drawing, writing, and recognizing forms, sizes, or shapes.

Perinatal. Refers to the general time period shortly before, during, or immediately after birth.

Peripheral vision. Perception of objects, color, or motion by portions of the eye other than the macula. The images perceived are at the extreme edges of the visual field.

Perthes (Legg-Calve-Perthes) disease. Degeneration of the growth center of the thigh bone; intervention can reverse its effects.

Pervasive developmental disorders. Distortions in the whole range of psychological functions during childhood development including attention, perception, learning abilities, language, social skills, reality contact, and motor skills.

Petit mal. A mild form of seizure occurring in epileptic conditions; characterized by dizziness and momentary lapse of consciousness.

Phenylketonuria (PKU). A hereditary condition in which the absence of an enzyme essential for digesting protein affects the metabolism of the body and results in a gradual buildup of toxic substances in the blood and urine of infants having this condition. Interferes with normal development and function of the brain and is possibly the most widely known abnormality of metabolism that causes mental retardation.

Phonology. The concept relating to the production and comprehension of speech sounds. Phonemes comprise the sound categories.

Physical therapy. Manipulation, massage, and exercise of body parts to assist an individual with motor control for optimal functioning.

Postnatal. Occurring after birth.

Poverty line. An economic index used to identify individuals and families living in poverty. In 1989, a family of three whose annual income was $9,000 or less was considered to be living below the poverty line.

Precision teaching. A systematic procedure of continuous and direct recording of behavior, espoused by Ogden Lindsley and others. Precision teaching employs the techniques of behavior modification and task analysis for management of instruction and behavior.

Prenatal. Occurring during gestation; prior to birth.

Prevalence. As applied to exceptional children, the number of exceptional children who exist at the present time.

Projective technique. A relatively unstructured method used to study and diagnose certain problems of personality. A product or response (such as a drawing, interpretation of a picture, or completion of a sentence) is secured from an individual and analyzed in an effort to gain an understanding of the total personality.

Prosthesis. An artificial body part.

Protective safeguards. Procedures established to ensure that the rights of the individual are protected.

Psychoanalytic approach. See intrapsychic approach.

Psychological processes. Covert cognitive behaviors that transform and manipulate information.

Psychomotor seizure. An epileptic activity in which the individual appears to be conscious during the attack but behaves in an unusual or bizarre way, after which he or she does not remember what happened during the episode. Some indications of psychomotor seizure may be chewing, lip smacking, ringing in ears, abdominal pains, dizziness.

Psychosis. A term of medical origin, referring to a type “of severe behavior disorder”. Characteristics include loss of reality contact and abnormal acts, thoughts, and feelings.

Public Law 93-380. Educational Amendments of 1974, passed August 21, 1974.

Public Law 93-516. An amendment passed by Congress broadening the application of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 to include educational services.

Public Law 94-142. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975.

Public Law 99-457. Amended and reauthorized the Education for All Handicapped Children Act and appropriated more monies for preschool intervention; also provided specific guidelines, including those for the individualized family service plan (1FSP).

Pupil (of eye), the contractible opening in the center of the iris of the eye, through which light enters.

Quadriplegia. Paralysis involving all four limbs, referent An object, idea, or event in the real world symbolized by words.

Rehabilitation. Literally, restoration. Most often used in reference to physical problems.

Reinforcement. Any consequence of behavior that increases the probability of that behavior being repealed in the future.

Remediation. Correction of a deficiency. Often used in reference to correction of academic deficits (e.g., problems in reading).

Resource room. A program option involving placement of a student in a regular class plus assignment to a special teacher for remedial or supplemental instruction. The special teacher may be referred to as a resource teacher, and the room in which special instruction is offered is referred to as a resource room, respiratory therapist A specialist trained to assist individuals in breathing through technical devices and/or special procedures and practices, retina The innermost component of the eye, which contains sensitive nerve fibers that connect to the optic nerve to produce sight. Retinal detachment is the loosening or pulling away of the retina from its normal position in the eye. In children, this condition usually is caused by accidents and may start with a slight loss of vision that might progress to almost complete blindness.

Retrolental fibroplasia (retinораthy of prematurity). A disease of the eyes that results from excessive oxygen while a baby is in an incubator. The condition causes a retinal overgrowth that limits vision. The disease was common among premature babies of the 1940s but was drastically reduced in incidence until recent years, when medicine began to save very small infants.

Rigidity. State of continuous tension of the muscles; seen in some types of cerebral palsy.

Rubella. The "old-fashioned" 10-day measles, or red measles, which is accompanied by a red rash and fever. The disease can be prevented with vaccine, and is far less threatening to the unborn fetus than is rubella.

Schizophrenia. A severe mental disorder characterized bу a fragmented personality involving fantasies, illusions, delusions, and, in general, being out of touch with reality.

School social work services. School social workers provide a major communication link between school staff and families. Casework services include assistance in interpreting evaluation reports and making recommendations. In some districts social workers chair child-study committees. They are a major resource for special educators working with community agencies.

Screening. Abbreviated testing procedures by a variety of disciplines conducted on a large scale to locate children requiring more detailed testing or specialized teaching.

SEA. An abbreviation for state education agency, the department in slate government with primary responsibility for public school education.

Section 504. Refers to Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Contains requirements designed to guarantee the civil rights of persons with handicaps.

Self-contained class. A program in which pupils with similar needs and skills are assigned and taught by the same teacher throughout the school day.

Self-managed data collection and evaluation activities. An approach used in collaboration among professional educators in assisting students, which involves requiring students to record their own behavior.

Self-managed instruction. An instructional approach allowing students themselves to have input into decisions regarding how they will be taught.

Self-managed interventions. Interventions designed to help students control their own behavior. Students play a primary role in the planning and/or execution of the intervention.

Semantics. The study of the significance or meaning of words.

Sensorineural (sensory-neural) hearing loss. A condition involving impairment in the inner ear or the central nervous system. Also referred to as neural or nerve deafness.

Sheltered workshop. A facility that offers individuals, who are not able to work in competitive employment an opportunity to work in a controlled environment at their level of functioning.

Shunt (shunting). A technique involving implantation of a tube to drain or provide a bypass for excess cerebrospinal fluid, as in hydrocephalus.

Sickle cell anemia. A condition of the blood in which the red cells assume a crescent shape and do not fun-lion properly in carrying oxygen. The condition is genetic and largely limited to the black race, it results in low vitality, pain, sloughing of blood cells, interference with cerebral nutrition and, if severe enough, may cause mental retardation or death.

Soft neurological signs. Mild or slight neurological abnormalities that are difficult to detect.

Spastic. Refers to muscular coordination resulting from muscle spasms, opposing contractions of muscles, and paralytic effects. Also denotes one form of cerebral palsy having the above characteristics.

Special class. A program option for exceptional children involving assignment of children with similar instructional needs to a class lauglit by a certified special teacher. Special classes sometimes are referred to as self-contained classes.

Special education. A broad term covering programs and services for children who deviate physically. mentally, or emotionally from the normal to an extent that they require unique learning experiences, techniques, or materials in order to be maintained in the regular classroom, and specialized classes and programs if the problems are more severe. As defined by PL 94-142, specifically designed instruction, at no cost to the parent, to meet the unique needs of a child with handicaps, including classroom instruction, physical education, home instruction, and instruction in hospitals and institutions.

Special-purpose school. A term frequently applied to schools that serve only exceptional children. Such schools may offer programs for one or more types of exceptional children. Sometimes called special schools.

Special teacher. A teacher certified to teach exceptional children. Historically the term has been applied primarily to teachers of self-contained classes for exceptional children. Currently the term is applied to certified teachers assigned to teach exceptional children.

Speech. The realization of language through a sound system, including articulation, fluency, and voice parameters.

Speech-language pathologist. A trained specialist who works with students who have articulation, fluency, voice, and/or language problems. Therapy services may be provided in individual therapy sessions, group therapy sessions, or, in many cases, through consultations with the student's regular classroom teacher.

Speechreading. Formerly called "lipreading," a technique for decoding verbal information using visible movements of the speaker's mouth in conjunction with context find auditory cues.

Spina bifida. A congenital malformation of the spine characterized by lack of closure of the vertebral column, which often allows protrusion of the spinal cord into a sac at the base of the spine. The degree of severity may vary, but this condition often causes paralysis of the lower extremities, changes in tactile and thermal sensations, and a lack of bowel and bladder control. Whenever possible, surgery is performed at an early age to reduce the handicapping effects. Spina bifida frequently is associated with hydrocephalus and a reduction of intelligence.

Standard deviation. A measure of expressing the variability of a set of scores or attributes. Small standard deviations mean the scores are distributed close to the mean; large standard deviations mean the scores are spread over a wider range.

Standardized tests. Tests for which norms and specific directions for administration are available.

State aid. Funds from the state treasury allocated to local districts. Most states provide extra funds to local districts to help cover the additional costs incurred in educating exceptional children.

State Institutions. Residential programs supported by public tax sources; most states operate institutions for persons with mental retardation and emotional/behavioral problems.

State plan. A stipulation of Public Law 94-142 requiring state departments of education to submit a planned program for implementation and administration of the law, following the guidelines for content and structure.

Stereotyped behavior. Seemingly purposeless motor activity or body posturing. Seen commonly in persons with severe disabilities.

Stimulus. Any object or happening that excites a response from an organism.

Strabismus. A condition in which a person's eyes cross as a result of weakness of one or more of the eye muscles; prevents the eyes from focusing on the same object simultaneously.

Strategy training. An instructional approach where the teacher not only teaches new information to the student, but also teaches the student how to learn structure-of-intellect Cuilford's model, used extensively in gifted education.

Stuttering. Slang term for dysfluency; speech characterized by blocking, hesitation, or repetition of single sounds, words, and sometimes sentences.

Suctioning. A procedure used to remove fluid from the mouth, throat, or trachea when the individual is unable to accomplish this on his or her own.

Support services. Special services provided to exceptional children beyond their basic educational program. May include speech-language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, music therapy, tutoring, and psychological services.

Surrogate parent. A person other than an individual's natural parent who has legal responsibility for the person's welfare.

Syntax (or grammar). The linguistic rules of word order for meaningful sentences; rules governing sentence structure and word/phrase sequence.

Tay-Sachs disease. A condition characterized by a defect in the metabolism of fats. Leads to blindness, paralysis, convulsions, and mental retardation.

Technology dependent. A child who needs a medical device to compensate for the loss of a vital body function. Such children include those requiring nutrition or drugs intravenously, children who are ventilator dependent or children dependent on devices such as renal dialysis or apnea monitors.

Telescoping. An instructional option in gifted education that involves covering the same amount of material in less than the usual amount of-time.

Teratogens. Outside agents or conditions that cause malformations in developing embryos.

Therapeutic recreation. A form of treatment that employs leisure activities of a mildly physical nature as corrective measures.

Time-out. A behavior management technique that eliminates possible reinforcing events for undesirable behaviors for a given time. For example, a child may be moved from classmates to a corner of the room.

Total communication. A system of expressive/receptive language in which manual signs and fingerspelling are combined with speech, speechreading, and listening in the way deemed most beneficial to a hearing impaired individual.

Transdisciplinary approach. Involves sharing expertise and, responsibilities among team members who are involved in the assessment process and development of the educational program.

Trauma. Generally, a physical or psychological blow.

Tremor. Rhythmical movement or shaking; often associated with cerebral palsy.

Triplegia. Paralysis involving three limbs.

Tube feeding. The process through which food is introduced directly into the stomach through a tube attached to an opening (stoma) in the abdomen (gastronomy) or through a tube inserted via the individual's nose and extended to the stomach (nasogastronomy). Tube feeding is used when the individual is unable to obtain proper nourishment via mouth.

Turner's syndrome. An inherited disorder affecting the chromosome that determines sex characteristics, resulting in retarded mental, physical, and sexual development.

Underachiever. An individual who doesn’t perform at a level expected for his or her age and ability level.

Value system. The underlying motives, goals, and expectations that influence others' actions and philosophy.

Ventilator. A mechanical device that administers air or oxygen to the lungs and is used when an individual is unable to breathe for him, or herself.

Visual efficiency. The degree to which one can perform specific visual tasks with ease, comfort, arid minimum time; cannot be measured or predicted clinically with any accuracy by medical, psychological, or educational personnel.

Visual functioning. How people use whatever vision they have. Some children and youth have limited visual capacity and are still extremely visually oriented; others with similar visual potential are not responsive to visual stimuli at all.

Visual Impairment. A measured loss of any of the visual functions such as acuity, visual fields, color vision, or binocular vision.

Vitreous humor. The fluid in the back chamber of the eye that fills the space between the retina and the lens.

Vocational education. Educational programs designed to prepare individuals for employment.

Vocational rehabilitation. The service of providing diagnosis, guidance, training, physical restoration, and placement to disabled persons for the purpose of preparing them for and involving them in employment that helps them to live with greater independence. The preferred term is now rehabilitation services.

VSTM. Acronym for very short-term memory.

Work-study programs. The teaching of vocational skills combined with actual on-the-job experience.

World view. A shared pattern of basic beliefs and assumptions about the nature of the world and how it works.

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Date: 2015-12-13; view: 502; Нарушение авторских прав