Explain the meanings of the words below

1. This model enables us to estimate how thick dense plasma must be to absorb all the incident laser light.

2. Spectroscopic studies of the radiation have enabled determination of the temperature to be made.

3. Other scanning methods will enable the over-all optical gain to be accomplished which is equal to the refractive index, n, of the optical material employed.

4. Classical physics doesn't allow physicists to describe phenomena on the atomic or molecular level, it is appropriate to seek a quantum-mechanical description of such phenomena.

5. Dependence of the phase relation between cavity field and the signal does not permit the signal to be amplified or attenuated.

6. These effects let the viewer infer a three-dimensional structure from a two-dimensional micrograph.

7. Some modern computers let eight programmes run simultaneously if all the necessary equipment is available.

8. In an ordinary TV set an electron beam causes the luminous image to appear on the tube.

9. There is no way to make a black hole rotate any faster than a=l; in effect a hole with a rotation parameter very close to 1 should slow down.

10. If there were no earth's gravitation the satellites would move through airless space in a straight line at a uniform speed.

11. Constant temperature must be maintained to make the process continue at any rate.

12. The pressure in the cylinder makes the piston descend; the piston is made to descend as the pressure in the cylinder rises.

13. And eventually more sensitive instruments made it possible to detect X-rays from distant sources at very high energies, corresponding to wavelength of Angstroms or less.

14. Indeed, new results make it necessary to modify the picture that has emerged from earlier experiments.

1.6. Mind the translation of the verb " to prove ".

Example: We proved this metal to be an alloy.

Мы доказали, что этот металл является сплавом.

The metal proved to be an alloy.

Оказалось, что этот металл является сплавом.

The metal was proved to be an alloy.

Было доказано, что этот металл является сплавом.

1. Former tests proved these figures to be equally important.

These figures proved to be equally important.

These figures were proved to be equally important.

2. We proved the two reports to be contradictory.

The two reports proved to be contradictory.

The two reports were proved to be contradictory.

3. They proved the influence of the environmental conditions to be profound.

The influence of the environmental conditions proved to be profound.

The influence of the environmental conditions was proved to be profound.