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Banks and the Foreign Exchange Market

The banks are the natural intermediary between foreign exchange supply and demand. The main task of a bank’s foreign exchange department is to enable its commercial or financial customers to convert assets held in one currency into funds of another currency. This conversion can take the form of a spot transaction or a forward operation. Banking activities in the foreign exchange field tend inevitably to establish a uniform price range for a particular currency throughout the financial centres of the world. If at a given moment the market rate in one centre deviates too far from the average, a balance will soon be restored by "arbitrage”, which is the process of taking advantage of price differences in different places. It can be seen that foreign exchange business acts as a very important regulator in a free monetary system.

Only the big banks and a number of local banks specializing in this kind of business have a foreign exchange department with qualified dealers. Banks which merely carry out their customers' instructions and do no business on their own account do not really require the services of a foreign exchange expert. For these it will be sufficient to have someone with a general knowledge of the subject because his role in practice will be that of an intermediary between the customer and a bank professionally in the market.

A foreign exchange dealer acquires his professional skill largely through experience. Here we should point out how important close cooperation is among a team of dealers. The group can work together smoothly only if each member is able to shed his individuality. We must not forget that, almost incessantly, all the dealers are doing business simultaneously on different telephones and when large transactions are completed the rates may change, whereupon the other dealers must be brought up-to-date immediately. It is essential for a dealer to have the knack of doing two things at once so that he can do business on the telephone and at the same time take note of the new prices announced by his colleagues.

Professional foreign exchange dealing requires advanced technical equipment. Business is done by telephone (with many direct lines to important names) and teleprinter depending on distance and convenience. Spot and forward rates of the most important currencies and money market rates are displayed on a big rate board, remote-controlled by the chief dealers.