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The Infinitive in the function of Adverbial Modifier and Parenthesis
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6.0. Adverbial Modifier (AM) is used to modify the Pred. or another verb form in the sentence.
6.1. AM expressed by INFdenotes a number of grammatical meanings, such as the following:
| AM of purpose | Non-Perf. Common ‘to’ -INF denotes a hypothetical action that follows the action of the Predicate as its intended continuation: He came to say ‘Good-bye’. To improve your language skills you may want to go to Britain. She left the room so as (in order) to make breakfast. Sometimes people came from London to see Black Madonna. Note This meaning can be accompanied by the meaning of manner and comparison: He turned away as if (as though) to conceal his emotion. |
| AM of subsequent events | Non-Perf. Common ‘to’ -INF denotes an action that follows the action of the Predicate as its consequence (it occurs without expectation). Sometimes that meaning is confused with the idea of result (which in many ways is planned and thus can be expected): He arrived at 3 o’clock to learn that Fleur had gone out with the car at 10 (=He arrived and learned…). He came to the station just/merely to hear that his train had been cancelled (He came and heard…). |
| AM of consequence (result) | Non-Perf. Common ‘to’ -INF denotes an action that is possible or impossible due to a certain degree of quality or quantity expressed by the Predicate. INF renders such meaning after the following phrases: |
| Adj+enough | The action is possible: He is old enough to be your father (… and so he can be your father); She was so kind as to accept our proposal (… and she accepted our proposal); She was hostess enough to offer us a cup of tea (…and so she offered us tea). INF is used in various forms to name consequences of someone else’s behaviour that is criticized in the judgment expressed by the Subj.+Pred.: I was such a fool (as) to let that business out of my hands. They are out of their mind to have sent you here! He was very kind to help us. Some of Adjectives that may be found in the nominal predicate with finite verb be in the criticism part include clever, foolish, generous, good, (un)kind, polite, right/wrong, rude, (un)selfish, silly, wicked. |
| So+Adj+as | |
| zero article N+enough | |
| various patterns | |
| too+Adj | The action is not possible: The box was too heavy to lift (… so it couldn’t be lifted); He was too young to get married (… and so he was not allowed to get married). |
| AM of condition | Non-Perf. Common Act. ‘to’ -INF denotes an action that serves the necessary condition of the event named by the predicate: To look at the man you would think he is a beggar (=if you look at him, you would think…); I’ll thank you to take your hands off me (=I’ll thank you if you take…). |
| AM of exception | Non-Perf. Common Act. Bare INF denotes the only possible action in the circumstances referred to in the sentence, it is introduced by the conjunctions supporting this meaning: There was nothing to be done but wait till dawn. They couldn’t but/except agree. What else could I do exceptturn for help to Roger? |
| AM of comparison | Non-Perf. Common Act. ‘to’ - or Bare INFrefers to predicate groups including adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree and is introduced by than, as if: To give is more blessed than to receive. I was more inclined to see her safely married than go on watching over her. She looked back as if to make sure she hadn’t left anything behind. |
Of all the semantic types of AM expressed by INF only AM of Purpose and Consequenceare widely used in both formal and informal style. AM of Subsequent Events, Comparison and Exception are used mainly in the formal style. AM of Condition is characteristic of colloquial style and is not frequent.
6.2. The INF may be used as Parenthesis – a commenting (usually introductory) remark that is not part of the sentence structure (and therefore often, but not always punctuated by commas or parentheses). As Parenthesis INF is usually part of a set phrase, e.g. to be honest (frank), to be sure, to be more precise, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to crown (it) all, to get (back) to the point, needless/strange to say, not to make too much of it, to put it another way, to put it mildly, to say the least, to tell you the truth, etc.
To tell you the truth, I’ve never heard of Maxwell Montague. To be sure, there were certain small evidences, such as that my clothes were folded and laid by in a manner, which was not my habit. To begin with, the wind was not favorable. Here was luck indeed, and, needless to say, I jumped at the chance.
Date: 2015-09-24; view: 1030; Нарушение авторских прав