New EU project examines Arctic climate change, economy, and society

The projected shifts in the Arctic marine ecological structure can challenge the related national economic activities in different ways. Changes in the marine environment may cause biological changes in e.g. fish reproduction, distribution, and migration routes. In economic terms this can, for example, influence how much fish will be caught, or in which country the fish will come to shore. This also may lead to penetrating into ‘new’ fishing areas.

“Furthermore, most of the economically important stocks move between the zones of two or more states. Therefore, any changes may influence relations between these states. The impact of biophysical changes on human activities depends upon a complex set of interrelated factors that include not only the economic setting but also the legal and political settings of the fisheries”, says Dr. Anna Stammler-Gossmann.

She also points out that “the ocean is a larger natural commons, where different human activities like marine transportation, and offshore oil and gas development take place. The ocean also has its borders in terms of economic zones or national borders, management of global commons, and complex human motivations. All actors in this system have to balance their activities constantly”.

The Arctic Centre will examine Arctic fisheries, aquaculture and livelihoods in the context of changes in marine ecosystems. The research will focus on the analysis of the national and regional relevance of climate change, on the interactions between local and global actors in integrated ocean management, and on the interdependencies between economic sectors that are related to the marine environment.

In doing so, the assessment of national adaptation practices in the fishery sector relates to the planning of resource use, market and trading mechanisms, emergency preparedness, insurance and social safety schemes, infrastructure capacity and flexibility, and food security. On the regional and local levels the assessment is particularly concerned with the fishers’ perception of changes associated with climate change and the community’s adaptive agency.

An analysis of societal and cultural priorities in the fishery sector will consider the relative importance of fisheries to national economies and local communities, consumption patterns, and attractiveness of a job in the fishery sector as a career.

Evaluation of interdependencies between sectors and of the outcomes of the ocean sharing in the context of the predicted biophysical changes in the Arctic deals with the regulatory framework in the fishery and cross-sector activities, environmental legislation and national discourses on the international governing of marine resources. The regionally oriented research of the Arctic Centre is based mainly on Norwegian and Russian case studies.

Задание № 2. Прочитайте текст и определите единицы текста, которые могут представлять трудности при переводе с листа. Составьте список этих единиц и найдите их русские эквиваленты. Выполните устный перевод с листа оригинального текста. Сделайте аудиозапись Вашего перевода. Прослушай аудиозапись и определите удачные и неудачные переводческие решения.

1. For many years now, mail-order shopping has served the needs of a certain kind of customers. Everything they order from a catalogue is delivered to their door. Now, though, e-mail shopping on the Internet has opened up even more opportunities for this kind of shopping.

2. Another generation of computer fans has arrived. They are neither spotty schoolchildren nor intellectual professors, but pensioners who are learning computing with much enthusiasm. It is particularly interesting for people suffering from arthritis as computers offer a way of writing nice clear letters. Now pensioners have discovered the Internet and at the moment they make up the fastest growing membership.

3. Technology has allowed more and more people to work from the place where they live. Using a modem on a telephone line connected to their computer, everyone can be linked to the company computer. In this way, they don’t waste so much time because they don’t have to go to the office every day. It also means less pollution in the atmosphere caused by transport.

4. During World War I women began wearing shorter skirts and bared their legs. Soon they began wearing trousers. Men’s suits became looser and were worn with a long tie. During the 1960s women wore miniskirts. Jeans and T-shirts became popular with both men and women.

5. If someone asked you about the negative aspects of a computer game, probably the first thing that would come to your mind is that it isolates a person from other people. Now the first virtual reality computer game has appeared which can be played in a group of 6 people at the same time. The game is called “The Loch Ness Expedition”. Each player is given a role in the underwater expedition. Players have to cooperate to achieve the goal.

6. English is very popular nowadays. It’s the language of computers, science, business, sport and politics. English is an amazing language, the language of great literature. Half of the world’s scientific literature is published in English. Nearly half of the world’s business deals in Europe are conducted in English. It’s the language of sports and glamour, being the official language of the Olympic Games and the Miss Universe Competition. English is the official voice of the air and the sea.

7. Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient towns. Some travel to enjoy picturesque places or just for a change of scene. It’s always interesting to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. Those who live in the country like to travel to a big city while city-dwellers usually prefer spending a quiet holiday by the sea or in the mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe.

8. The press, radio, television and Internet are various types of mass media that keep people informed on the topical issues of the day. The mass media do much to excite an interest in every aspect of life and play an important role in reflecting the life of society. The mass media draw the public attention to the most serious political, economic, social and ecological problems.

9. Variations include job sharing, home-working, flexi-time and part-time working. Some individuals work compressed hours – e.g. working 36 contracted hours in four days instead of five. Others work normally on a full or part-time basis, but take unpaid leave during school holidays. Another possibility is to organize your working time on the basis of the number of hours worked over a year rather than a week, in order to cops with variation in work demand during the year.

10. UK employers took on far fewer workers than expected in May of this year, a government report showed on Friday. The number of workers employed in the UK rose in May by 21,000 according to the report. This was far lower than the increase of 150,000 which was forecast.

Задание № 3. С помощью рекомендаций по переводу газетно-журнальных информационных текстов выполните полный письменный перевод текста. Сформулируйте и объясните Ваши основные переводческие решения.

THE LAWYER’S ‘TREASURE TROVE’

It isn’t just anything you say that can and will be used against you in a court of law anymore. Anything you tweet, post, blog, share, tag, update or email can and will be, too.

Social media sites, where users share the most intimate details of their lives in words, pictures and video, increasingly are showing up as evidence in civil, criminal, divorce and child custody cases. In one study, 81% of the country’s leading divorce lawyers said that cases using evidence from social networking sites were growing in number, and nearly two-thirds cited Facebook as one of the richest sources.

But now the rise in “frictionless” social media – applications that automatically post songs you’re listening to, articles you’re reading, videos you’re watching, purchases you’re making and places you visit, along with a time and date stamp – provides an even bigger gold mine for law enforcement, private investigators and lawyers.

As part of its new timeline format, which documents your life from birth, Facebook has linked up with third-party applications and websites to increase user sharing of information with a minimum of effort. Such sites and apps automatically share user information with little or no action taken on the part of the user.

Those who listen to music on Spotify, read stories on The Washington Post or USA Today, shop on Amazon.com, watch shows or movies on Hulu or Netflix, buy tickets on Ticketmaster or StubHub, save a web link on Pinterest, look up a recipe on Foodily, track their run on Runkeeper, search for a job on Monster or post a status update from their smartphone with an enabled GPS can have their activity tracked and made visible for others to see.

The implications of those seemingly innocuous digital bread crumbs plotted by date and time – particularly for those who are lax about their privacy settings – can become critical evidence where the law is concerned.

Consider the significance of spouse’s automated check-in at a hotel in a divorce case. Or what a tagged photo of a parent hanging out in a bar at a certain time of day might represent in a child custody case. Or what video of a supposedly injured party horseback riding on a sunny beach, days after an accident, might mean to an insurance fraud investigator. Or why a district attorney might be interested in an accused murderer’s reading habits around the time of the crime.

“Facebook and other social media platforms are an absolute treasure trove of information for lawyers,” says Jeffrey C. Brooks, an assistant professor of professional practice at LSU’s Paul M. Hebert Law Center. “Attorneys are becoming increasingly aware of the amount of information people are knowingly and unknowingly posting on their pages, and when that information becomes relevant to a case, courts are ordering it to be disclosed.”

The larger issue on frictionless sharing, he says, is aggregation of data. Every status update and item shared can very easily be collected from publicly available sources and easily used to compile a dossier or file on an individual’s preferences, or rebut or bolster legal claims.

“Checking in and tagging and dating photographs … are ways attorneys can establish where you were, what you were doing, who you were with,” Brooks says. “These things are very helpful to rebut alibis, prove that a claimed injury is not real or to attack a witness’s character or credibility.”

One recent example of the possible legal implications of social media is the arrest of Brian Downing, the 32-year-old Alabama fan who now faces sexual battery charges after a video showing him exposing himself and simulating a sex act over the head of an apparently unconscious LSU fan after the BCS Championship Game in New Orleans, went viral on the Internet.

In a 2009 Canadian case, a woman diagnosed with major depression lost sick-leave benefits from her insurance company after agents discovered Facebook pictures of her having a good time at a Chippendales bar show, at her birthday party and on vacation at a beach.

And in an Illinois accident case, a couple riding a motorcycle was struck by a Honda. An important piece of evidence was the car driver’s Facebook postings, which had pictures of his Accord along with boasts that it was “ready to drive at 90 mph.”

Задание № 4. Прочитайте текст и определите единицы текста, которые могут представлять трудности при переводе с листа. Составьте список этих единиц и найдите их русские эквиваленты. Выполните устный перевод с листа оригинального текста. Сделайте аудиозапись Вашего перевода. Прослушай аудиозапись и определите удачные и неудачные переводческие решения.

1. Shopping centres are full of all kinds of stores. They are like small, self-contained towns where you can find everything you want. In a large centre, shoppers can find everything they need without having to go anywhere else. They can leave their cars in the shopping centre car park and buy everything in a covered complex, protected from the heat, cold or rain.

2. Not many people know that, back in the fifties, computers were very big, and also very slow. They took up complete floors of a building, and were less powerful, and much slower than any of today’s compact portable computers. At first, the data they had to process and record was fed in on punched-out paper; later magnetic tape was used, but both systems were completely inconvenient.

3. People are taught to say “thank you” or “thanks” when somebody has given them something or done something for them. In a shop many British people say “thank you” several times at the checkout, when the operator tells them the total cost of their goods and when he or she gives them their change or gives back their credit cards.

4. Many people in Britain buy their clothes in chain stores or department stores. There is a traditional department store, Marks & Spencer, which is popular with people of all ages. To the British, clothes here are typical of the middle range: they are neither cheap nor expensive, fairly good quality and rather conservative.

5. Nowadays, people working in offices use computers, which contain hundreds of documents. Do you know how much space these documents would take up, if they were printed on paper? They’d occupy whole rooms! In many offices computers are linked in a network. This way, employees can exchange information and messages without moving from their tables.

6. Heavy rains in northern Bangladesh, made nearly 150,000 people stranded in their flooded homes, officials said Sunday. No deaths were reported.

7. Speaking English gives people many privileges in society, enabling them to communicate successfully with those who don’t know your mother-tongue. In order to possess these privileges school teachers and methodologists propose to introduce six hours of learning English a week for all Russian schools and introduce this subject from the first year in primary schools. Learning English should become more intensive to make Russian citizens more communicative.

8. Air pollution is a very serious problem in the world. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening – it equals smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet.

9. Germany opened the annual meeting of the deeply divided International Whaling Commission (IWC) Monday, it advised to adopt a motion, ecology groups say, will help preserve whales and dolphins for future generations.

10. Global warming is the term used to describe the relatively dramatic rise in the world’s average temperature during the 20^th century. According to some environmentalists, global warming is a result of the industrial revolution and that if it continues, it will destroy civilization as we know it. Global warming is a problem, and people must take any steps they can in order to prevent it.

Задание № 5. С помощью рекомендаций по переводу текстов документов физических лиц выполните полный письменный перевод текста, обратив особое внимание на передачу имен собственных. Сформулируйте и объясните Ваши основные переводческие решения.

John h. Mill

38 Park Avenue, ap.50

New York, N.Y. 11298

tel. 312 493-8983

Задание № 6. Прочитайте текст и определите единицы текста, которые могут представлять трудности при переводе с листа. Составьте список этих единиц и найдите их русские эквиваленты. Выполните устный перевод с листа оригинального текста. Сделайте аудиозапись Вашего перевода. Прослушай аудиозапись и определите удачные и неудачные переводческие решения.

Last year my brother and I went to Turkey. This trip left the best impression on me. We took advantage of the excellent weather and went on different tours, for example, rafting. We took ourselves by a raft and a kayak through the picturesque mountainous region of Southern Turkey. Besides, we found new places, saw impressive sights and got acquainted with new people.

Задание № 7. С помощью рекомендаций по переводу текстов документов физических лиц выполните полный письменный перевод текста, обратив особое внимание на передачу терминов и терминологических сочетаний. Сформулируйте и объясните Ваши основные переводческие решения.

Dear Mr. Petrov,

I am a first-year student in the M.B.A. Program at the School of International Service in Philadelphia.

I understand that you are heading the independent Ukrainian airline. I have heard from my Friend Mr. Bill Eastman, a student at Duke University’s Fuqua School of business, that you might wish to have an American M.B.A. student work with your airline this Summer as Intern. I am very interested in the possibility of such an internship during the Summer of 2013.

My professional experience has given me an in-depth knowledge of the Air Transportation industry. I have, in particular, worked for American Airlines, The Federal aviation administration, and Kurt & Company, inc., an Aviation Consulting firm where I was Manager of Airline Analysis. My responsibilities included the study of schedules, fares, equipment selection, and financial results. Notably, I prepared numerous feasibility studies for both Jet and turboprop Routes, including passages and cargo flights.

I wish to place this experience at the disposal of your Airline, I believe strongly that my knowledge of the deregulated air transportation industry in the United States could be quite beneficial to your carrier.

I enclose a copy of my resume. If my background and qualification are of interest to you, please telephone me on (215) 748 3037. I would be interested in meeting you in Mid-April to discuss further the possibility of such a summer position, and your requirements.

I look forward to hearing from your soon.

Yours Sincerely,

Mark Diamond

Задание № 8. Прочитайте текст и определите единицы текста, которые могут представлять трудности при переводе с листа. Составьте список этих единиц и найдите их русские эквиваленты. Выполните устный перевод с листа оригинального текста. Сделайте аудиозапись Вашего перевода. Прослушай аудиозапись и определите удачные и неудачные переводческие решения.

Date: 2015-09-22; view: 540; Нарушение авторских прав