Тема № 11 TAXATION

1. Average tax rate (средняя ставка налогообложения) - the ratio of taxes to income.

2. Direct taxes (прямые налоги) - taxes levied directly on people.

3. Disposable income (располагаемый доход) - the sum of the incomes of all the individuals in the economy after all taxes have been deducted and all transfer payments have been added.

4. Effective tax rate (действующая налоговая ставка) - taxes paid divided by total income.

5. Excess burden (избыточное налоговое бремя) - the amount by which the burden of the tax exceeds the tax that is paid.

6. Duty (пошлина) – a government tax on certain goods or services.

7. Hidden tax (скрытый налог) – a tax, the incidence of which may be hidden from the person who is suffering it.

8. Incidence of a tax (налоговое бремя) - the incidence of a tax refers to the specific individuals or groups who bear the burden of the tax.

9. Income effect (эффект дохода) - a portion of the change in quantity of a good demanded when its price changes. A rise in price cuts the consumer's purchasing power (real income), which leads to a change in the quantity demanded of that commodity. That change is the income effect.

10. Income-expenditure diagram (график доходов и расходов) - income-expenditure diagram, also called a 45° line diagram, plots total real expenditure (on the vertical axis) against real income (on the horizontal axis). The 45° line marks off points where income and expenditure are equal.

11. Income share (доля дохода) - the proportion of total income received by a particular group.

12. Income tax (подоходный налог) – a compulsory payment imposed by a government on income received by persons and corporations in a given tax year.

13. Import duty (импортная пошлина) – a tax or tariff on imported goods. Import duties can be either a fixed amount or a percentage of the value of the goods.

14. Inheritance tax (налог на наследство) – a tax on amounts inherited, usually in excess of a specified amount that is free of tax.

15. Marginal rate of income tax (предельная ставка подоходного налога) - the fraction of each extra pound of income that the government takes in income tax.

17. Indexing (индексирование) - refers to provisions in a law or a contract whereby monetary payments are automatically adjusted whenever a specified price index changes. Wage rates, pensions, interest payments on bonds, income taxes, and many other things can be indexed in this way, and have been. Sometimes such contractual provisions are called escalator clauses.

18. Indirect taxes (косвенные налоги) - taxes levied on specific economic activities.

19. Marginal tax rate (предельная ставка налогообложения) - the fraction of each additional dollar of income that is paid in taxes.

20. National income (национальный доход) - the sum of the incomes that all individuals in the economy earned in the forms of wages, interest, rents, and profits. It excludes transfer payments and is calculated before any deductions are taken for income taxes.

21. Negative income tax (отрицательный подоходный налог) - tax plan through which households with incomes below a statutory level receive a subsidy from the government equal to some fraction of the difference between the statutory income level and their earned income.

22. Personal income (личный доход) - income received by households before payment of personal taxes.

23. Progressive income tax (прогрессивный подоходный налог) - income tax rates set such that the larger a household’s income, the greater the percentage of that income is taken away by income taxes.

24. Progressive tax (прогрессивный налог) - a tax is progressive if the ratio of taxes to income rises as income rises.

25. Property (собственность) – ownership of a tangible or intangible thing that has value, including the right to possess, use, or dispose of it.

26. Real property (недвижимость) – land and its permanent attachments, such as houses, garages, trees, mineral rights, and office buildings.

27. Personal property (личная собственность) – all tangible and intangible property other than real property.

28. Proportional tax (пропорциональный доход) - one in which the average tax rate is the same at all income levels.

29. Real wage rate (уровень реальной заработной платы) - the wage rate adjusted for inflation. It indicates the volume of goods and services that money wages will buy.

30. Regressive tax (регрессивный налог) - one in which the average tax rate falls as income rises.

31. Restrictive tax (ограничительный налог) – a compulsory payment imposed by a government to control certain activities.

32. Revenue tax (налог с доходов) – a compulsory payment imposed by a government to fund its operations.

33. Sales Tax (налог с продаж) - a tax levied on the sale of any of a broad classification of goods.

34. Size distribution of income (распределение доходов) - the ranking of all families in the economy according to the size of the income received by each, lowest to highest, regardless of the source of their income.

35. Specific tax (специфический налог) - sales tax or excise tax calculated as a fixed amount of money per unit of good sold.

36. Tax base (налоговая база) - the amount of income or property directly subject to nominal tax rates.

37. Tax deduction (удержание налога) - a sum of money that may be subtracted before the taxpayer computes his or her taxable income.

38. Tax exempt (освобождение от уплаты налога) - a particular source of income is tax exempt if income from that source is not taxable.

39. Tax incidence (распределение налога) - distribution of the burden of a tax between the buyer and the seller.

40. Tax shifting (переложение налогового бремени) - occurs when the economic reactions to a tax cause prices and outputs in the economy to change, thereby shifting part of the burden of the tax onto others.

41. Tariff (тариф) – a tax on imports.

42. Variable taxes (переменные налоги) - taxes that do vary with the level of GDP.

43. Vertical equity (вертикальное равенство) - principle that people with higher incomes should pay more taxes.

44. Horizontal equity (горизонтальное равенство) - principle that people with equal incomes should pay equal taxes.

45. Nominal tax rate (номинальная налоговая ставка) - taxes paid divided by taxable income.

46. Wage-price controls (контроль уровня зарплат и цен) - wage-price controls are legal restrictions on the ability of industry and labor to raise wages and prices.

47. Value-added tax (VAT) (налог на добавленную стоимость) – a tax that is applied each time a good changes hands.