Сполучник ( The conjunction)

Сполучниками називаються службові слова, які вживаються для звязку членів речення і речень в складних реченнях. Вони не виконують самостійної функції і не є членами речення.

За своєю функцією в реченні сполучники поділяються на сурядні і (and, as well as, but, or, not only-but also and etc.) і підрядні (that, if whether, after, as soon as, for, since as, in case, so that, although and etc.) За своєю формою сполучники поділяються на прості і складені. Прості сполучники: and, but, if, that and etc.

Складені сполучники: as well as, so that, in order that and etc.

Деякі складені сполучники є подвійними, так як розпадаються на дві частини: both...and, not...but also, either...or, no sooner...than and etc.

Ex.16 Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the word “since”.

1. Gasoline is a hydrocarbon, since it is a made up of hydrogen and carbon compounds. 2. Glass has been widely used since the ancient times. 3. Since matter is the basic working material in our world, we ought to learn as much possible about it. 4. Since diamond is the hardest substance known, it must be polished with diamond dust. 5. Many years have passed since Mendeleyev made his great discovery. 6. This method of mixing has been used since the days of World War II.

Ex.17 Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the different meanings of “ but”:

1. It seems that the electron is nothing but electricity. 2. If but a few of the atoms of a body have had an electron removed the body has a small charge. 3. One can easily note how voltage increases during the first quarter-turn but then decreases during the next quarter turn. 4. The operator saw all the tubes but one function in the proper way. 5. We expect the current cycle and the voltage cycle to finish in step if they start in step. But in many a. c. circuits the current cycle does not get started as soon as the voltage cycle.

Ex.18 Define the function “for” and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Under these circumstances, it may be shown that maximum efficiency occurs at the load for which the constant and variable losses are equal. 2. An ammeter is an instrument for measuring current. 3. If the cylinder is small the flow of water may be decreased, for the cylinder and piston will have insufficient capacity for high flow. 4. However, for special purposes heat, light and sound are very useful sources of energy, too. 5. For a period the worker will not work in radioactive areas and doctors will make periodic checks of his physical condition to make certain that he is not harboring radioactive substances in his body. 6. Some of the atoms in your bones are exploding at all times, for minute of phosphorus in your bones.

Ex.19 Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the meanings “ also”.

1. So far, electrons have been treated as particles, but it can be shown that electrons have a wave nature also. 2. The warm air heats air above it. Also, the warm air will rise, and going to a region where the pressure is less it will expend. 3. While, strontium batteries have a very long lifetime, they yield a rather low number of watt-hours per pound. Also, nothing can be done to alter the rate at which the isotope released energy.

Ex.20 Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the preposition “by”:

1. Many substances are prepared by chemical methods. 2. The mechanical energy of a waterfall can be transformed into electrical energy by means wheel and dynamo. 3. The combining weight of elements can be found experimentally by determining how many grams of the element unite with 8 grams of oxygen.

Ex.21 Form the words using the following suffixes and translate them:

Adjectives: -ic: atom, electron, magnet, cosm(os), realist

-al: univers(e), cultur(e), spectr(um), electric

-ive to attrect, to great(e), decis(ion),to conduct, to act

-able: to vary, to change, to approach, to achiev(e), to suit, to compar(e)

-ible: to convert, compress, exhaust

-ful: success, doubt, use, wonder, peace, beauty

-less: help, doubt, change, home, meaning

-y: sun, hill, rain, wind

-ous: tocontinu(e), to vary, danger

Adverbs: -ly: extreme, initial, perfect, final, excelent, rough, instant, swift, equal, simultaneous,

comparative, exact, large, hard, high, short.