Главная Случайная страница


Полезное:

Как сделать разговор полезным и приятным Как сделать объемную звезду своими руками Как сделать то, что делать не хочется? Как сделать погремушку Как сделать так чтобы женщины сами знакомились с вами Как сделать идею коммерческой Как сделать хорошую растяжку ног? Как сделать наш разум здоровым? Как сделать, чтобы люди обманывали меньше Вопрос 4. Как сделать так, чтобы вас уважали и ценили? Как сделать лучше себе и другим людям Как сделать свидание интересным?


Категории:

АрхитектураАстрономияБиологияГеографияГеологияИнформатикаИскусствоИсторияКулинарияКультураМаркетингМатематикаМедицинаМенеджментОхрана трудаПравоПроизводствоПсихологияРелигияСоциологияСпортТехникаФизикаФилософияХимияЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника






Century and further

⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 23 из 89Следующая ⇒

Back across the Atlantic, but later, in 18th century England, the technology of highway construction was getting a long overdue boost from two British engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam. Telford, originally a stonemason, built over 1,000 roads, 1,200 bridges, and numerous other structures.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/19288/Cross-sections-of-three-18th-century-European-roads-as-designed

Although his system was faster and less expensive than the Romans’ method, it was still costly and required frequent resurfacing with gravel.

On the other hand, the greatest advantages to McAdam’s system were its speed and low cost, and it was generally adopted throughout Europe.

During this same time period, the growth of turnpikes was resulting in much improved road conditions across England. Private individuals built roads themselves and then charged for their use, usually blocking passage by setting a long pole (pike) across the road. Once the toll had been paid, the pole would be swung (turned) out of the way, allowing the travellers access to the road (turnpike).

http://www.polyline.ru/publications/istoriya-rossijskih-dorog
By 1829 3,783 different turnpike companies operated 20,000 miles of highway throughout England. However, during the latter half of the 19th century, canal building and the growth of railroads outstripped the turnpikes, and roads in general became less important until the turn of the century.

http://nevsepic.com.ua/art-i-risovanaya-grafika/12735-starinnye-avto-107-rabot.html
As European settlers migrated across the Atlantic to the U.S., they found themselves faced with an almost total lack of roads – in Europe they at least had the Roman roads to use as a foundation for rebuilding. In America there were only Indian trails, and while they were long and quite extensive, they were also very narrow, allowing only for single file passage of foot traffic. Like England, went through a period of turnpike development, and for many years, turnpikes were the best roads in the U.S.

Not surprisingly, the overall development of transportation in the U.S. continued in the same way as in England and interest in building and maintaining long distance roads waned during the last half of the 19th century. But the invention of the motorcar changed all that for everyone. Obviously, motorized vehicles made it possible for both people and goods to travel both more quickly and more comfortably – so long as there were adequate roads upon which they could travel. Thus the Good Roads Movement was born.


⇐ Предыдущая18192021222324252627Следующая ⇒





Date: 2015-12-12; view: 631; Нарушение авторских прав


mydocx.ru - 2015-2024 year. (0.005 sec.) Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав - Пожаловаться на публикацию