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1. Ernest Rutherford, whose work on the structure of atoms laid the foundation of the study of atomic science, was born in New Zealand. Educated at Nelson College at the Canterbury College of the University of New Zealand, his talents were soon noticed and he was awarded a research scholarship to study experimental physics at Cambridge University.

2. Rutherford's interest in radioactivity and the structure of the atom began when he was working under Professor J.J. Thompson in the Cavendish Laboratory. His use of X-rays (discovered by Rontgen in 1895) led him to his own discovery of two other types of rays – alpha and beta rays – made up of tiny particles; and distinguished by their penetration strengths.

3. In 1898 Rutherford became Professor of Physics at the University in Montreal and in the following year he published his first paper on radioactivity. He returned to England in 1907 to become Professor of Physics at Manchester University. He was burdened with many teaching or administrative duties and in his well-equipped laboratory, helped by younger physicists from all over the world, including Geiger, Nils Bohr and Henry Moseley, he made his greatest discoveries. An atom, he found, was made up of a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by revolving electrons. By 1919 he was able to produce definite evidence that when an atom was bombarded by radioactive substances there was a reaction between this ray and the nucleus, causing artificial disintegration of the atom, that is, "splitting" it.

4. In 1919 Rutherford succeeded his old Professor, J. J. Thompson, as Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics. He then began to study how other elements were transmuted by the penetration of rays. This work was extended in 1921 when he and Dr. J. Chadwick began to in14 vestigate the properties of the neutron – a particle discovered by Chadwick which had no electric charge and which could penetrate the nuclei of atoms and transmute them.

5. Rutherford was given numerous honorary degrees and as well as his peerage (received in 1931) he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1908 and the Order of Merit in 1925. His immense enthusiasm transmitted itself to the students and collegues who worked with him. His many lecture tours and over 150 papers and published addresses spread the influence of his ideas all over the world.

Date: 2016-02-19; view: 1125; Нарушение авторских прав