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1. Faraday (1791 – 1867) was one of the ten children of a blacksmith, who moved with his family to London. It is a rare labouring family with ten children that is rich, so there was no question of an education for young Faraday and he was apprenticed to a bookbinder.

2. This, as it happened, was a stroke of luck, for he could read books there. Faraday's second stroke of luck was that his employer was sympathetic to the young man's desire for learning and allowed him to read books and to attend scientific lectures.

3. In 1812 a customer gave Faraday tickets to attend the lectures of Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. Young Faraday took careful notes which he further elaborated with coloured diagrams and these, sent to president of the Royal Society in the hope of getting a job that would bring him into closer contact with science. Getting no answer he sent others to Davy himself along with an application for a job as his assistant. Davy was enormously impressed by the clear ability of the youngster. When an opening as his assistant occured, he offered the young man the job. Faraday took it in 1813, at the age of twenty-two – at a salary that was smaller than the one he had been earning as a bookbinder. Almost at once Davy left for his grand tour of Europe and took Faraday with him as a secretary.

4. Faraday became director of a laboratory in 1825, and in 1833 the one-time bookbinder's apprentice became professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution.

5. In chemistry Faraday made his first mark in 1823, when he devised methods for liquefying gases under pressure. He was the first to produce temperatures in the laboratory that were below the zero mark of the Fahrenheit scale. He may just be viewed as a pioneer in the modern branch of physics called cryogenics (the study of extreme cold).

6. In 1825 occured his greatest single contribution to organic chemistry. He discovered benzene, a compound that was to play a key role in the development of a means of representing molecular structure.

7. In 1833–1834 Faraday further reduced the matter of electrolysistoquantitative terms by announcing what are now called Faraday's laws of electrolysis. Faraday's laws put electrochemistry on its modern basis. In his honour the quantity of electricity required to liberate grams of sodium, or 108 grams of silver or 32 grams of copper (that is,to liberate an "equivalent weight" of an element) is called a farad. Also, the unit of electrostatic capacitance is the farad, in his honour.

8. In later years Faraday made more discoveries in connection with electromagnetism and its interaction with light.

9. When he was eventually offered the presidency of the Society by Tyndall, however, he declined it and he also declined an offer of knighthood. He was intent on being plain Michael Faraday.

Примечания

1. he was apprenticed to a bookbinder – eгo отдали в ученики к переплетчику

2. a stroke of luck – большая удача

3. a customer – постоянный покупатель

4. took careful notes – вел тщательные записи

5. the matter of – проблема

6. He was intent on being – Он стремился быть….

2.2.3 Прочтите первый–четвертый абзацы текста и скажите, какую карьеру сделал Фарадей