From the history of coal mining in Great Britain

In Roman Britain, the Romans were exploiting all major coalfields (save those of North and South Staffordshire) by the late 2nd century AD. While much of its use remained local, a lively trade developed along the North Sea coast supplying coal to Yorkshire and London. This also extended to the continental Rhineland, where bituminous coal was already used for the smelting of iron ore. It was used in hypocausts to heat public baths, the baths in military forts, and the villas of wealthy individuals. Excavation has revealed coal stores at many forts along Hadrian's Wall, as well as the remains of a smelting industry at forts such as Longovicium nearby.

After the Romans left Britain, in AD 410, there are no records of coal being used in the country until the end of the 12th century. Shortly after the signing of the Magna Carta, in 1215, coal began to be traded in areas of Scotland and the north-east England, where the carboniferous strata where exposed on the sea shore, and thus became known as "sea coal". As early as 1228, sea coal from the north-east was being taken to London. During the 13th century, the trading of coal increased across Britain and by the end of the century most of the coalfields in England, Scotland and Wales were being worked on a small scale. During the first half of the 14th century coal began to be used for domestic heating in coal producing areas of Britain, as improvements were made in the design of domestic hearths. Edward III was the first king to take an interest in the coal trade of the north east, issuing a number of writs to regulate the trade and allowing the export of coal to Calais. The demand for coal steadily increased in Britain during the 15th century, but it was still mainly being used in the mining districts, in coastal towns or being exported to continental Europe. However, by the middle of the 16th century supplies of wood were beginning to fail in Britain and the use of coal as a domestic fuel rapidly expanded.

Составьте план к тексту в форме ключевых слов.

Зачет

Правильно выполненная и оформленная контрольная работа является основным требованием для получения зачёта

Итоговый контроль – ЭКЗАМЕН

Перечень примерных вопросов для подготовки к экзамену.

О переводе технического текста

Перевод научно-технического текста должен верно передавать смысл оригинала в форме, по возможности близкой к форме оригинала. Отступления должны быть оправданы особенностями русского языка, требованиями стиля.

Перевод в целом не должен быть ни буквальным подстрочником, ни вольным пересказом оригинала, хотя элементы того и другого обязательно присутствуют обязательно: если буквальный перевод какой-то фразы хорошо передает ее смысл и хорошо звучит по-русски, нет оснований изменять его; и наоборот, можно (и должно) пересказать содержание своими словами, если иначе «никак не получается». Важно лишь не допускать потери существенной информации или, наоборот, привносить от себя то, чего нет в тексте (или хотя бы в достаточно явном подтексте) оригинала.

Верность научного перевода определяется тем, насколько хорошо переводчик знает язык оригинала и предмет изложения. Однако верный смысл должен быть передан ясно и доходчиво.

1. Read and translate the text “Methods of Extraction”

2. Read and give a brief summary of the text “Surface mining”

3. Speak on the topic “Types of processing”

Date: 2015-11-14; view: 600; Нарушение авторских прав