The object and method of Linguistic typology

Стр 1 из 3Следующая ⇒

Handout LECTURE 1

1. The typological method in Contrastive Linguistics

2. Language Universals

3. The notion of “type” in typology

4. Metalanguage

5. Taxonomy of linguistic typologies

There are several approaches in contrastive linguistics which share the typological method:

1) COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS

2) AREAL LINGUISTICS

3) COMPARATIVE TYPOLOGY

4) LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY

APPROACH	OBJECT	DATA
Comparative Linguistics	a) to establish genetic relationship of languages b) to reconstruct an original proto-language that gave rise to a number of languages	an unlimited number of kindred languages, like Indo-European e.g.: E. two: R. два: F.deux
Areal Linguistics	to establish common features due to common features (borrowings, bilingualism, language contacts), i.e. secondary relationship of languages	all languages, e.g..: English and French in the 11^th century cf. E. part< F.partir, E.technic< F.technique, E.finish< F.finir, E.reason< F.raison,E. technic< F.technique
Comparative Typology	to establish common and distinctive features	a limited number (2-6) of kindred languages
Linguistic Typology	a) to establish common and distinctive features b) to establish universals c) to classify languages	all languages

LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGIES CLASSIFIED according to certain parameters:

PARAMETER	TYPOLOGY
1. Number of Languages Compared
All	universal: unrealistic, considering 5 000 world languages out of which only 2-3% have been described
Up to 100	special: realistic (this course is based on 3 languages: Russian, English, French)
2. Language Material Analyzed
All language systems	whole system (holistic): unrealistic now
One language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic	private: realistic
3. Aim of Research
To classify languages into type-groups	classificatory typology
To establish specific features of contrasted languages	characterology(comparative typology)
4. Character of Cross-linguistic Variation
A phenomenon of one language is absent from another language	qualitative typology(e.g.: article in English and Russian; gender in English and French)
A phenomenon of one language prevails over the same phenomenon in an another language	quantitative typology(e.g.: compounding is more widely used in English than in French and more widely used in French than in Russian) (features: dominant vs. recessive)
5. Level of Analysis
Studies types of derivation and means of their expression	structural typology(e.g.: in English conversion does not change the form of a converted word, while in Russian it does: E: work(v.) ~ work(n.), R: работа(n.) ~ работать(v.))
Studies how derivational types function in contrasted languages	functional typology(compounding is more widely used in English than in French, while affixation is more widely used in French than in English)
Studies semantic patterns of derivational morphemes	semantic typology(in Russian a person name, as a rule, expresses sex, while in English it is usually not expressed: R: учитель ~ учительница,E: teacher ~ teacher)
6. Approach
From form to meaning	semasiological approach(e.g. the suffix -er in English can express “agent”: hunter)
From meaning to form	onomasiological approach(e.g. the meaning “agent” may be taken as a basis to study ways of expressing it English and Russian: E: -er, -ant, -ee, -man, etc. R: -ник(-ница), -чик(-чица),-щик (-щица), -тель, -ец, -овец, -арь, -ша, -ха, -ка)

12 3 Следующая ⇒

Date: 2015-08-15; view: 667; Нарушение авторских прав; Помощь в написании работы --> СЮДА...

mydocx.ru - 2015-2024 year. (0.005 sec.) Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав - Пожаловаться на публикацию