The delegation of Kazakhstan is ready to continue to strengthen its cooperation with the delegations of states parties to the Treaty to achieve that goal

* * *

This text contains a good many useful disarmament terms which appear frequently in statements on general political subjects as well as specifically in disarmament negotiations, and the student should take the trouble to memorize them.

Mr. Chairman,

Allow me to associate myself with the congratulations extended/ addressed to you on your election to the important post of Chairman of the third session of the Preparatory Committee for the Year 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and to express our confidence/certainty that under your skilled/experienced/wise leadership the work of the Committee will/proceed fruitfully and effectively/achieve positive results.

Mr. Chairman,

Since we attach the greatest of importance/great importance to the

decisions and resolutions of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Kazakhstan supports the efforts at encouraging the full application and effective implementation of the provisions of this Treaty. The termless/indefinite nature of the Treaty strongly/firmly reinforces the bases of international stability and security, and creates prospects for progress towards disarmament. 187 countries are already parties to the treaty. In the last four years alone 9 states have acceded to it/the treaty/the NPT, and this is an important step towards ensuring its universality.

The wealth of experience acquired/gained in post-conflict deve­lopment provides an additional impetus to the multilateral negotiations aimed at achieving specific decisions/practical solutions in the field/sphere of security, arms limitation and disarmament. It is universally acknowledged that a priority area of the negotiation process is nuclear disarmament and the strengthening of the non-proliferation regime. At the same time, without taking/unless we undertake/specific steps/concrete action in this area, we will never achieve our goal/the goal we have set. We must recognize/ acknowledge/There is a need to recognize/that the problems of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation have become interdependent, and that international security is possible/can be brought about/only through joint efforts by/on the part of both nuclear and non-nuclear states.

The primary/highest priority role in promoting/advancing a solution to the issues raised/to these questions/in the disarmament field, as we see it/in our view/is that of/lies with/devolves on/the United Nations. The strength/strengthening of interaction within the UN will determine the successful progress of the international community towards a secure, stable and prosperous world.

Mr. Chairman,

The current/present session of the Preparatory Committee is taking place at a crucial/critical time/important point in time, when the approach of the new millennium makes it vitally necessary/urgent/ creates an urgent need/for intensive rethinking of/to ponder in depth/ to take careful stock of/what has been achieved and to draw up/ develop/reliable parameters/a reliable framework/for international relations in the future.

Unfortunately, it must be recognized/acknowledged/we must recognize/acknowledge/that on the threshold of the next century the international community has encountered/run up against/the threat of a spread/proliferation of nuclear weapons. It is becoming quite obvious/evident/clear that the new century will not be a safer one. However, pessimistic gloom/a spirit of pessimism/a sense of futility/ should not dominate/pervade the international community. Specific steps/concrete actions are needed to eliminate the nuclear threat.

An important contribution to a practical solution to the problems facing the international community in the area of nuclear non-proli­feration has been made by the effective mechanisms produced by the IAEA to monitor the traffic/turnover in nuclear materials, strengthen the international safeguards system and establish effective cooperation on questions of nuclear energy and radiation security/safety in the handling/treatment of wastes.

Today's world is unimaginable/unthinkable without the widespread/broad use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. These include not only atomic/nuclear energy, but also numerous/many nuclear-physics isotope technologies and methods, which have permeated/found their way into/virtually all areas of our lives. There is a progressive development of peaceful nuclear technologies, and in these circumstances the task of maintaining and strengthening the non-proliferation regime continues will continue to be a highly relevant issue.

Kazakhstan attaches great importance to/the development of/progress in/the implementation of the initiative for establishment of a nuclear weapon-free zone in Central Asia. We are convinced that the zone in Central Asia will constitute/be/form/an important step towards strengthening the non-proliferation regime, the development of cooperation in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the development of cooperation in the ecological rehabilitation of territories which have suffered from radioactive contamination, and will promote general and complete disarmament and a strengthening of regional and international peace and security. Kazakhstan will continue to participate consistently and constructively/in work on establishing/to establish/this zone.

Mr. Chairman,

The indefinite/termless extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is one of the most outstanding events in the strengthening of the regime for the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, in our view/as we see it,/there is a fairly/rather/clear need to build on that success and to move towards the noble goal of full nuclear disarmament. We hope that the year 2000 review Conference will be marked by/will achieve/successful results/will be successful in this respect.

The delegation of Kazakhstan is ready to continue to strengthen its cooperation with the delegations of states parties to the Treaty to achieve that goal.

Комментарии:

1) на высокий пост — this should be translated simply as "important"
post, not as ''lofty" or "elevated," which sound almost humorous in
English.

2) Договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия — the acronym is
ДНЯО. The English acronym for the Nonproliferation treaty is NPT.
These are extremely common in any bilateral or international
disarmament discussions.

3) работа... пройдет плодотворно и эффективно — there is no point
wasting words and time on these standard cliches; "achieve positive
results" conveys the meaning of the two Russian adverbs.

4)важнейшее значение — the superlative does not need to be heavily
stressed in English. "The greatest of importance" is fine, but "great
importance" will do just as well. "Great significance" is another option.

5)бессрочный характер — the word usually used for such treaties
"indefinite," but "termless" also occurs.

6)к нему присоединились — the correct term is "to accede to" a treaty.
To sign or ratify it is a different process.

7)приоритетным направлением переговорного процесса — more often
than not, "направление" should be translated as "area" or "field" and not
as "direction."

8) не предпринимая конкретных действий — "конкретный" continually
presents problems for interpreters. Rather than the ever-present and not
always idiomatic "concrete," the interpreter may opt for "specific" or
"practical."

9)от усиления взаимодействия в рамках ООН зависит успешное про­
движение — this is a good example of "think nominative." Starting with
"On the strengthening of interaction...will depend" will lead to an

extremely clumsy sentence. It is much easier to begin with "Strengthening of interaction within the UN will determine..." and take the sentence to its logical conclusion.

10)ответственный период — "responsible" will not work here; this is an
"important," or crucial, or critical period.

11)придется констатировать — "we are obliged to/we must recognize/
acknowledge" is stronger than "take note of the fact that," which is longer
and less effective.

12)весомым вкладом — весомый should not be translated literally as
"weighty;" significant or important will get the point across.

13)задача поддержания... режима нераспространения остается и будет
оставаться весьма актуальной — the repetition of an imperfective verb
in the present and future can be rendered as "continues to be highly
relevant," or "will remain highly relevant." Repeating the verb — "remains
and will remain," is both awkward and time-consuming.

14)актуальный — is a common ложный друг переводчика, since it
means "relevant," urgent, pressing, or "to the point," but not actual.

15)зона, свободная от ядерного оружия — is always translated by the
much shorter phrase "nuclear weapon-free zone."

16) конференция ознаменуется успешными результатами — this
basically means "will be successful:" or "will achieve positive results," but
if you want to get fancy you can say "will be crowned with success."

Текст 10

Международное сотрудничество в использовании космического пространства в мирных целях (ООН, 1995)

Господин Председатель,

У нас нет сомнений — Комитет по космосу, причем облечен­ный адекватными полномочиями, нужен мировому сообществу. У него есть надежная шкала ценностей, богатый опыт диалога и со­лидный капитал взаимодействия, которые, безусловно, должны быть сполна задействованы в интересах мирного освоения космоса.

Было бы во многих отношениях полезно развернуть работу над проектом принципов международного сотрудничества в космической области, тем более что соответствующий интег­рированный рабочий документ является неплохой основой для выработки, в конечном счете, согласованных решений. Тогда, ду­мается, пессимистический сценарий работы над этим пунктом по­вестки дня, презумпция обреченного на неуспех диалога смени­лись бы продуктивным настроением на созидательное общение.

Предстоящая в следующем году работа над вопросом о дели­митации воздушного и космического пространства явно тоже требует повышенного внимания. Здесь есть реальные возможно­сти для нахождения компромиссов в методологии его дальней­шего рассмотрения.

Согласованный вопросник по аэрокосмическим объектам охватывает важные смысловые моменты, поощряет обновление

логического и понятийного подходов к проблеме делимитации. Возможно, на каком-то этапе все же удастся найти общее пони­мание среди сторонников и критиков рассмотрения вопросов раз­граничения пространств, подняться на более высокий уровень диалога. Для этого требуется прежде всего сообща решить, ка­кие именно элементы нынешней парадигмы остаются и какие нуждаются в коррективах.

В новых координатах нуждается и работа над темой Геоста­ционарной орбиты. Здесь объективно необходимо оживить ди­алог по различным аспектам справедливого и эффективного использования ГСО. Важно также в полной мере осознать, что духовное подвижничество и стремление к справедливости реали­зуемы только на основе бережного обращения с реальными фактами и обстоятельствами.

Теперь о нашем видении темы «космического мусора» в каче­стве потенциального пункта повестки дня Юридического подко­митета. В этом году эта проблема была центральным элементом многих выступлений представителей государств. Доминирую­щим было, как представляется, конструктивное стремление обсудить пути и средства перехода к нормотворчеству в этой сложной и чувствительной сфере.

Анализируя перспективы международно-правового регули­рования техногенного засорения космоса, мы, конечно же, не предлагаем абстрагироваться от сложности рассматриваемых вопросов, обойти фазу детального изучения технических аспек­тов проблемы, которое как раз и позволило бы свести в единую систему все явления, связанные с «космическим мусором». Пренебрежение этим обстоятельством сулит нам всем одно — мы рискуем оказаться в положении, при котором стихийное творческое начало возымеет верх над рациональной схемой; импровизации и сиюминутные помыслы станут важнее общей сообща задуманной позитивной работы.

Исходим из понимания, что истина станет общим достояни­ем только в том случае, если мы будем действовать сообща, добросовестно проявляя восприимчивость к точкам зрения друг друга, рассудительно и спокойно анализируя как перспективы долгосрочных решений в этой области, так и возможности среднесрочных компромиссных решений.

В целом, в конструктивном направлении идет обсуждение вопроса о созыве новой всемирной конференции по космосу.

Благодарю Вас, г-н Председатель.

* * *

Mr. Chairman,

We have no doubt/it is perfectly clear to us/there is no question that/it goes without saying that/the Committee on outer space, given/ provided/with/if the Committee is given/the appropriate authority/ competencies, is needed by/fulfills a need of/the international community. It has a reliable system of values, extensive experience in dialogue, and a long/impressive record of cooperation/interaction, which clearly/obviously/must be fully used/put to use/utilized/made use of/in the peaceful exploration of outer space.

It would be useful in many ways/in many respects/to expand/ continue/work on the draft of principles for international cooperation in the field of outer space, in particular since the relevant consolidated working paper is/forms/represents a good basis for finalizing/taking agreed decisions. Then/in that case/we feel, a worse case scenario regarding/a pessimistic outcome to/this agenda item, the assumption/ notion/that dialogue/cannot succeed/is doomed to fail/failure, would be replaced by/give way/yield to/a positive attitude regarding/impetus towards/creative interaction/contacts.

The work awaiting us next year/Next year's work/The work forthcoming next year/on the question/issue of the delimitation of air and outer space also clearly requires/calls for greater/increased/ enhanced attention. Here there/are real possibilities/real opportunities /is real potential for seeking/finding compromises regarding the methodology/to be considered/for further consideration of this subject.

The questionnaire which has been agreed on objects in outer space covers significant/important ideas/concepts,/and encourages/ stimulates/prompts a more/increasingly logical and conceptual/a revitalized logical approach to the problem of delimitation. It is possible that at some stage it may yet/still be possible to reach an understanding among both the supporters and opponents of consideration of issues of delimitation of outer space, and to move to a higher/more sophisticated level of dialogue. This requires above all/first and foremost a joint decision as to precisely which elements of the present paradigm will remain and which require modification/adjustments/ restructuring.

New points of reference/structural elements are also needed in work on the subject of the geostationary orbit. Here there is a real need to revive/infuse a new spirit in/revitalize dialogue on various aspects of the fair and effective use of the GSO. It is also important to fully recognize/be fully aware that/noble/good/positive intentions/ constructive involvement/work for the common good and the desire to see justice done are possible only given/through a careful treatment of existing facts/realities and circumstances.

Now we turn to our view of the subject of "space debris" as a possible agenda item of the Legal Subcommittee. This year that problem was a major subject/key element in many statements by representatives of states. The dominant theme/what predominated was,/as we see it, a constructive desire to discuss the ways and means for/to bring about/a transition to the setting of standards/norms in this complex and sensitive field/area.

In/while analyzing the prospects for international-legal regulation of man-made/technologically generated littering of outer space, we of course/naturally/are not proposing/intending to ignore the complexity of the issues under consideration or to avoid/circumvent/sidestep the stage of a detailed study of the technical aspects of the problem, which in fact has made it possible to consolidate in/bring together in/a single system all of the factors/phenomena linked/connected to "space debris." Ignoring this aspect/this facet/factor can only mean/ lead to/result in/one thing for all of us — we risk finding/are likely to find/ourselves in a situation in which a random/spontaneous creative approach prevails over rational planning/thinking/patterns, in which improvisation/flights of fancy and considerations of expediency/ short-term considerations/become more important than our shared/ collectively planned positive/constructive project/work.

We believe/take as our starting point/that truth will become our shared legacy/will be shared by all of us only if we all act together/in concert, conscientiously displaying/demonstrating sensitivity towards each other's points of view, thoughtfully/and calmly analyzing both the prospects for long-term decisions in this field and the possibilities/opportunities for medium term compromise solutions.

On the whole/generally speaking, the discussion of the question of convening a new global/world conference on outer space is moving in a constructive direction/taking place in a constructive atmosphere/ manner/spirit/tone. A constructive atmosphere/tone is prevailing/ dominating in/characterizing the discussion of the question of convening a new global/world conference on outer space.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

This is an extremely difficult text, one which requires a good deal of rethinking and reworking if it is to make sense in English. It contains many terms specific to the field of outer space and also expressions commonly used in statements on political subjects.

Комментарии:

1) космос — should generally be translated as "outer space," not as
"space," to avoid confusion with пространство. If the word has already
occurred several times in a speech, however, to save time the interpreter
can then say "space."

2)облеченный адекватными полномочиями — "adequate" does not work
here. "Given the appropriate authority" or even "mandated" is what is
meant.

3)богатый опыт диалога и солидный капитал — "extensive experience"
or "a wealth of experience" works better than the hackneyed "rich
experience." In English, "solid capital" does not make sense. What is
meant is a long record of "experience" in international cooperation, but
if the word has just been used to translate "опыт," "an impressive record"
is a good choice.

4)интегрированный рабочий документ — "consolidated" is better than
"integrated," as this implies a synthesis of various draft documents. "Ра­
бочий документ" at conferences is nearly always "working paper."

5) пессимистический сценарий — The idea here is a "worse-case
scenario" rather than the fairly bland "pessimistic scenario."

6)здесь есть реальные возможности — the interpreter should not forget
that "potential" is often a good or better translation of "возможности"
than the frequently used "opportunities" or "possibilities."

7)важные смысловые моменты — "момент" is sometimes а ложный
друг переводчика. The notion is of various ideas or concepts; "момен­
ты" can safely be dropped.

8)поощряет обновление — the idea of обновление is of a revitalization
or revival, and this sounds better than the awkward-sounding literal
translation "renewal," which sounds strange as applied to ideas
or concepts.

9) среди сторонников и критиков — supporters/advocates and
"opponents" sounds somewhat better than "critics," though the word can
also be used.

10)какие нуждаются в коррективе — "corrections" should be avoided,
as this word is best applied to something highly specific — i.e. typing or
mathematical errors. In talking about ideas or abstractions, "adjustments"
or "modifications" are much better choices.

11)в новых координатах — "coordinates" does not work in English.
"Elements," "factors," or "points of reference" will do.

12)духовное подвижничество — "Spiritual abnegation" sounds like a
prescription for a religious retreat, and "selflessness" is too emotional for
this context. The idea here is a more general one of shared rather than
individual interests.

13)реальные факты — are best rendered as "realities," since "real facts"
is both a tautology and idiomatically awkward.

14)космический мусор must be translated by the accepted term, "space
debris." Anything involving "garbage" or "trash" would sound ridiculous.

15) нормотворчество — is the setting or establishing of norms or
standards in a given field.

16)пренебрежение этим обстоятельством — is best translated by a gerund,
"Ignoring this aspect." Using the noun "ignorance" would radically change
the meaning, implying невежество rather than пренебрежение.

17)сообща задуманное — The word задуманное often is better translated
as "planned" or "intended" rather than "thought up," which can imply
frivolity or a lack of seriousness.

18)в целом в конструктивном направлении — the last sentence of this
text is extremely tricky syntactically. The interpreter who does not have a
text and starts in with "in a constructive direction" will have to insert
something to finish the sentence properly, e.g. "On the whole a
constructive direction (is the way) the discussion of the question of... is
going." Направление here can to be rendered as "tone," "way" or "spirit."
If the interpreter has started in with "On the whole a constructive
direction" (and we hope that he would not say "in a constructive
direction," but think nominative!) he can try to save the sentence by
turning it into: "On the whole a constructive direction is the way the
discussion on... has been going.." The sentence is a good example of why
it pays to wait for an extra few seconds before starting the interpretation.

International Cooperation for the Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes (UN, 1995)

(Читается в нормальном темпе с канадским акцентом, в быстром — с американским акцентом)

Mr. Chairman,

We have no doubt that the Committee on outer space, if given the appropriate authority, fulfills a need of the international community. It has a reliable system of values, extensive experience in dialogue, and an impressive record of cooperation which clearly must be fully utilized in the peaceful exploration of outer space.

It would be useful in many respects to continue work on the draft of principles for international cooperation in the field of outer space, in particular since the consolidated working paper forms a good basis for finalizing agreed decisions. In that case, we feel, a worst case scenario regarding this agenda item, the notion that dialogue is doomed to failure, would give way to a positive attitude regarding creative interaction.

Next year's work on the question of the delimitation of air and outer space also clearly requires greater attention. Here there is real potential for seeking compromises regarding the methodology for further consideration of this subject.

The questionnaire which has been agreed upon regarding objects in outer space covers important concepts, and encourages a revitalized logical and conceptual approach to the problem of delimitation. It is possible that at some stage it may still be possible to reach an understanding among both the supporters and opponents of consideration of issues of delimitation of space, and to move to a more sophisticated level of dialogue. This requires first and foremost a joint decision as to precisely which elements of the present paradigm will remain and which require adjustments.

New structural elements are also needed in work on the subject of the geostationary orbit. Here there is a real need to revitalize dialogue on various aspects of the fair and effective use of the GSO. It is also important to fully recognize that positive intentions and the desire to see justice done are possible only given a careful treatment of existing realities and circumstances.

Now we turn to our view of the subject of "space debris" as a possible agenda item of the Legal Subcommittee. This year that problem was a key element in many statements by representatives of states. The dominant theme was, as we see it, a constructive desire to discuss the ways and means for a transition to the setting of standards in this complex and sensitive field.

In analyzing the prospects for international-legal regulation of technologically generated littering of outer space, we naturally are not proposing to ignore the complexity of the issues under consideration or to sidestep the stage of a detailed study of the technical aspects of the problem, which in fact has made it possible to consolidate in a single system all of the factors linked to "space debris." Ignoring this aspect can only result in one thing for all of us — we risk finding ourselves in a situation in which a random creative approach prevails over rational planning, in which improvisation and considerations of expediency become more important than our collectively planned constructive project.

We believe that truth will become our shared legacy only if we all act together, conscientiously demonstrating sensitivity towards each other's points of view, thoughtfully and calmly analyzing both the prospects for long term decisions in this field and the opportunities for medium term compromise solutions.

On the whole, the discussion of the question of convening a new global conference on outer space is taking place in a constructive atmosphere.

Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Текст 11

Здоровье и космос (ООН, 1986)

В своем нынешнем сообщении я хотел бы привлечь ваше внимание к вопросу о том, чему учит практика космических по­летов, особенно длительных полетов, с точки зрения углубления и расширения медицинских знаний о человеке.

Природа не только вокруг нас, но и внутри нас. Мы сами — часть природы, о которой необходимо думать и которую необ­ходимо защищать так же тщательно, как и окружающую среду.

В общих чертах, так сказать абстрактно, это понимают все. Беда, да, именно беда, состоит в том, что далеко не все из нас ассоциируют это с состоянием своего собственного здоровья, своим образом жизни.

Предупреждение болезней, сохранение здоровья, активное долголетие издавна сформулированы как главная цель медици­ны. В этом направлении достигнуты впечатляющие результаты.

Достаточно вспомнить об успешном искоренении многих опас­ных инфекционных заболеваний.

Ныне стало ясным, что космическая медицина заметно внесла крупный вклад в сокровищницу медицинских знаний.

Наши «пациенты» космонавты — здоровые люди, которых мы наблюдаем в течение довольно длительных периодов их жиз­ни. Это и периоды отбора и подготовки, это и сложнейшие на­грузки во время космических полетов и при возвращении к зем­ной гравитации, это и подготовка к новым стартам и опять по­лет. На всех этапах космонавты проходят самое тщательное ре­гулярное медицинское обследование, находятся под пристальным вниманием медиков.

Более полными стали наши знания о механизмах регуляции сердечно-сосудистой системы, мышечного тонуса, координации движений, водно-электролитного обмена. Обогатились и пред­ставления о структуре и функции костной ткани и функциони­ровании вестибулярного аппарата.

Хорошо известно, что ныне в структуре заболеваний людей одно из ведущих мест принадлежит заболеваниям сердечно-со­судистой системы. Среди них, в первую очередь, ишемическая болезнь сердца и гипертоническая болезнь с ее осложнениями, в основном, с нарушениями мозгового кровообращения, явля­ются главными причинами смерти и инвалидизации жителей многих стран. Патологию сердечно-сосудистой системы с пол­ным основанием можно назвать болезнью XX века.

Именно поэтому мне кажется, что в деле улучшения диагно­стики и профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний весь­ма полезен для земной практики может быть опыт, накоплен­ный космической медициной.

Как известно, в космических полетах основные изменения отмечаются со стороны сердечно-сосудистой системы. Это, в основном, связано с уменьшением двигательной активности, повышенной нервно-эмоциональной нагрузкой, перераспреде­лением крови в верхнюю половину тела вследствие отсутствия гравитационного фактора кровообращения и рядом других ме­нее существенных причин. Поэтому при контроле за состояни­ем здоровья космонавтов ведущую роль продолжают играть ме­тоды кардиологических исследований.

Ясно, что такие заболевания, как ишемическая болезнь сердца, гипертоническая болезнь и ряд других болезней систе­мы кровообращения не возникают внезапно. Они развиваются постепенно под влиянием неблагоприятных условий, так назы­ваемых «факторов риска». Результаты широких эпидемиологи­ческих исследований свидетельствуют о том, что основными

«факторами риска» сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний являются недостаточная физическая активность, нервно-эмоциональное напряжение, нарушения питания (избыточный вес тела), неко­торые нарушения липидного обмена, курение и др.

Что касается индивидуальных факторов риска, то они вклю­чают три неконтролируемых, а именно: пол, возраст и наследст­венность. При этом, как известно, частота заболеваемости уве­личивается с возрастом, мужчины болеют вдвое чаще, чем жен­щины, и вероятность заболевания выше у лиц, родители кото­рых имели сердечные приступы в возрасте до 50 лет.

Важнейшими из этих факторов являются:

— конституционные (генетические) особенности;

- возраст;

- наличие сердечно-сосудистых расстройств в анамнезе;

—отсутствие физических нагрузок;

—неправильное питание (тучность);

—стресс (нервно-эмоциональные перенапряжения).

Другим важным фактором риска, сопутствующим развитию сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, является нерациональное питание.

Наша человеческая природа древняя, но она отнюдь не памят­ник старины. Охрана ее состоит вовсе не в том, чтобы защищать организм от физических или информационных нагрузок, создать ему некие тепличные или рафинированные условия существования.

Отнюдь нет, напротив. Только интенсивная, всесторонне

гармоничная и полезная деятельность сможет защитить наше здоровье и сделать нашу жизнь интересной и продуктивной.

Опыт работы с космонавтами отчетливо демонстрирует ту простую истину, что регулярные наблюдения за состоянием здо­ровья, выполнение разумных профилактических процедур спо­собны многие годы поддерживать отличную физическую форму, хорошее здоровье и высокую работоспособность.

Космическая медицина, будучи по своему характеру медици­ной предупредительной и профилактической, является моделью медицины будущего.

Ее методы и подходы по стабилизации здоровья космонав­тов, объединенные с опытом и достижениями клинической ме­дицины, уже сейчас могут внести ощутимый вклад в повышение.•ровня здоровья всех людей Земли.

Most of these medical terms require no-nonsense translation. In some sense technical translation is the easiest kind, because the interpreter's choices are so limited. On the other hand, this does require a precise know­ledge of the technical terms used in the specific field. Here advance preparation is a must.

In my report/presentation/talk today 1 would like to draw your attention to the question of what space flights can teach us — and in particular lengthy flights — on deepening and broadening/expanding our medical knowledge about human beings.

Nature is not only around us, but also within us. We ourselves are a part of nature, to which we need to give thought, and which needs to be as carefully protected as the environment.

In general terms, abstractly speaking, everyone understands this. The problem — and it is a real one — is/lies in that fact/that few of us/by no means all of us/only some of us/associate this with our own health, with our own life style.

Prevention of illness, the maintenance of (good) health, and an active and long life/an active old age/an active life-style and longevity/ have long been regarded/posited/as the major/fundamental/basic goal of medicine. And here/in this area/impressive/outstanding/results have been achieved. Suffice it to/we need only/recall the successful eradication/elimination of many dangerous infectious diseases.

It has now become clear that space medicine has made/Space medicine has/clearly made a significant/very valuable contribution/ contributed greatly/done much for the expansion of medical knowledge.

Our (so-called) "patients," astronauts, are healthy people/ individuals/whom we observe/follow/track/monitor for rather long periods of their lives. These include the period of selection and training, the very difficult/hard/heavy duties during space flights and during the return to earth's gravitational pull/the earth's/terrestrial/ gravity, preparations for new launches/flights, and then the actual flight itself. At/during all these stages the astronauts are given thorough physical examinations and are under rigorous/close/ constant/intensive medical observation.

Our knowledge of the mechanisms governing/regulating the cardiovascular system, muscle tone, movement coordination, and fluid-electrolyte metabolism has been considerably/greatly expanded. We also know a great deal/much/more about the structure and functioning of bone tissue and of the vestibular/inner ear mechanism.

It is well known/it is common knowledge that among types of illnesses various pathologies/diseases/of the cardiovascular system are

among the most significant/ widespread/ important/play a very important role. Among these, first and foremost, coronary heart disease and hypertension with complications, primarily involving disorders in cerebral circulation are the major causes of/are primarily responsible for/death and disability/mortality and morbidity of people in many countries. The pathology of the cardiovascular system can rightfully/with good reason be called/termed/ labeled an illness of the 20th century.

This, it seems to me, is precisely (the reason)/This explains/why for the diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular disease the experience of space medicine can be extremely useful.

It is known that in space flights fundamental/basic/the most significant/changes occur in the cardiovascular system. These are primarily attributed/linked to a drop/decrease/decline in motor activity, greater/increased nervous-emotional strain, and a shift in blood flow towards the upper part of the body due to the loss of gravity/as a result/due to/zero gravity in blood circulation, and a number of/some other/less important factors/reasons. This is why/ therefore/medical monitoring/monitoring of the health of astronauts/ continues to stress/attach great importance to/allocate a leading role to cardiovascular examinations.

It is clear that such illnesses as coronary heart disease, hypertension and a number of other circulatory ailments/illnesses/ diseases do not emerge all of a sudden/out of the blue/out of nowhere/without warning. They develop gradually under the influence of/subject to/as a result of negative conditions, so-called/ known as/"risk factors." The results of large-scale/extensive epidemiological studies have shown/demonstrated that the basic risk factors of cardiovascular disease are a lack of/insufficient/physical activity/a sedentary life style, nervous-emotional stress/tension, poor nutrition (obesity), disorders of the lipid metabolism, smoking, etc.

(As for) individual risk factors, (these) include three non-controllable ones: age, sex, and heredity. Moreover, it is known that the frequency/ incidence of cardiovascular diseases increases with age, that the incidence among men is twice as high as among women, and that the probability of such illness is higher among individuals/ people/whose parents had heart attacks/below the age of 50/when they were under 50. The most important of these factors are: constitutional (genetic) traits; age; a family history of cardiovascular disorders; sedentary life style; poor nutrition (obesity); and stress (neuro-emotional strain).

Another important risk factor accompanying the development of cardiovascular disease is poor diet.

Our human nature is ancient, but it is by no means antiquated/an ancient relic. It should be preserved not by protecting the organism from physical or information overload, or by creating for it some kind of hothouse or artificial/antiseptic living conditions.

Certainly not/no way: Quite the contrary/opposite/The opposite is true. Only intense, varied/all-round, harmonious and useful activity

can protect our health and make our lives interesting and productive.

The experience of work with astronauts clearly demonstrates/proves /shows a simple truth: regular monitoring of health/regular physical examinations and the use of rational preventive procedures can/ maintain proper physical form/help stay in shape/maintain good health, and/an enhanced capacity for work/help people remain able-bodied.

Space medicine, since it is by definition/by nature/preventive and prophylactic, is a model for the medicine of the future.

Its methods and means of stabilizing the health of the astronauts, together with the experience and achievements of clinical medicine, can here and now/already/make a real/significant/tangible contribution to the better quality of health/improving the health of people/ everywhere/throughout the world.

Комментарии:

1) сообщение — tor a speech or report at a conference, do not overlook
"presentation" as a possible translation.

2) беда, да, именно беда — It would be very risky to translate this as
"misfortune," without knowing what is to come later in the sentence.
"Problem" is neutral enough to leave the interpreter room for
maneuvering, while suggesting something negative.

3) долголетие — While the term longevity can be used, the idea is that
of living to an "active old age."

4)в этом направлении — a simple "here" is shorter and more to the point
that "in this area."

5) впечатляющие результаты — there is nothing wrong with
"impressive," but "outstanding," "superb," "excellent" or any superlative
will do, as the speaker is obviously praising the results of these
experiments.

6) вклад... в сокровищницу медицинских знаний — сокровищница сап
perfectly well be skipped, and "treasure house" is very awkward; or the
interpreter can speak of a "very valuable contribution to medical
knowledge."

7) космонавты — the English word is usually "astronauts," but,
particularly when speaking of the Russian space program, "cosmonauts"
is acceptable.

8)земная гравитация — just "gravity" will do, but "gravitational pull"
stresses the point. The term for невесомость is "weightlessness".

9) медицинское обследование — a medical exam/examination, rather
than research or study.

10)памятник старины — "an ancient monument" would be too literal.
The idea is that human nature can adapt and is flexible, "is far from
antiquated."

11)рафинированные — this should not be translated as "refined," which
can have a positive connotation; rather, the idea is of something artificial.

12)отнюдь нет, напротив — "certainly not" is a literal, though correct
translation. "No way" is very colloquial, and in a statement of this type
would be inappropriate, but in other contexts is a possibility, and is
therefore given here as an option. "Quite the opposite" would be a
sufficient translation of both отнюдь нет and напротив.

13)всесторонняя деятельность — "comprehensive" is a poor choice
here. The idea is one of different types of activities which complement
each other; "varied" will do nicely.

14)регулярное наблюдение — monitoring, examination.

15)ощутимый вклад — this is often best rendered as "a real contribution"
rather than "tangible."

Health and Space (UN, 1986)

(Читается с американским акцентом)

In my presentation today I would like to draw your attention to the question of what space nights can teach us — and in particular lengthy flights — on deepening and expanding our medical knowledge about human beings.

Nature is not only around us, but also within us. We ourselves are a part of nature, to which we need to give thought, and which needs to be as carefully protected as the environment.

In general terms, abstractly speaking, everyone understands this. The problem — and it is a real one — lies in that fact that few of us associate this with our own health, with our own life-style.

Prevention of illness, the maintenance of good health, and an active and long life have long been regarded as the major goal of medicine. And here impressive results have been achieved. We need only recall the successful elimination of many dangerous infectious diseases.

It has now become clear that space medicine has made a valuable contribution to the expansion of medical knowledge.

Our (so-called) "patients," astronauts, are healthy individuals whom we monitor for rather long periods of their lives. These includethe period of selection and training, the very difficult duties during space flights and during the return to earth's gravitational pull, preparations for new launches and then the actual flight itself. During all these stages the astronauts are given thorough physical examinations and are under close medical observation.

Our knowledge of the mechanisms governing the cardiovascular system, muscle tone, movement coordination, and fluid-electrolyte metabolism has been considerably expanded. We also know a great deal more about the structure and functioning of bone tissue and of the inner ear mechanism.

It is common knowledge that among types of illnesses various diseases of the cardiovascular system play a very important role. Among these, first and foremost, coronary heart disease and hypertension with complications, primarily involving disorders in cerebral circulation, are responsible for mortality and morbidity of people in many countries. The pathology of the cardiovascular system can with good reason be called an illness of the 20th century.

This, it seems to me, is precisely why for the diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular disease the experience of space medicine can be extremely useful.

It is known that in space flights the most significant changes occur in the cardiovascular system. These are primarily attributed to a decline in motor activity, increased nervous-emotional strain, and a shift in blood flow towards the upper part of the body due to zero gravity in blood circulation, and some other less important factors. This is why medical monitoring of the health of astronauts continues to attach great importance to a leading role for cardiovascular examinations.

It is clear that such illnesses as coronary heart disease, hypertension and a number of other circulatory diseases do not emerge without warning. They develop gradually as a result of negative conditions, so-called "risk factors." The results of large-scale epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the basic risk factors of cardiovascular disease are a sedentary life style, nervous-emotional stress, poor nutrition (obesity), disorders of the lipid metabolism, smoking, etc.

Individual risk factors include three non-controllable ones: age, sex, and heredity. Moreover, it is known that the frequency of cardiovascular diseases increases with age, that the incidence among men is twice as high as among women, and that the probability of such illness is higher among individuals whose parents had heart attacks when they were under 50.

The most important of these factors are: genetic traits; age; a family history of cardiovascular disorders; sedentary life style; poor nutrition, and stress.

Another important risk factor accompanying the development of cardiovascular disease is poor diet.

Our human nature is ancient, but it is by no means antiquated. It should not be preserved by protecting the organism from physical or information overload, or by creating for it some kind of hothouse living conditions.

The opposite is true. Only intense, varied, harmonious and useful activity can protect our health and make our lives interesting and productive.

The experience of work with astronauts clearly shows a simple truth: regular physical examinations and the use of rational preventive procedures can maintain good health, and an enhanced capacity for work.

Space medicine, since it is by definition preventive and prophylactic, is a model for the medicine of the future.

Its methods and means of stabilizing the health of the astronauts, together with the experience and achievements of clinical medicine, already can make a significant contribution to improving the health of people throughout the world.

Текст 12 Проблема: наркотики (ООН, 1996 г.)

Господин Председатель,

Российская Федерация считает вполне обоснованным наше об­суждение сегодня вопросов международного сотрудничества в борьбе с наркоопасностью. Наркомания стоит сегодня в ряду самых страшных социальных бедствий на нашей планете. Злоупотребле­ние наркотиками и их незаконный оборот представляют серьезную опасность жизни, здоровью и достоинству миллионов людей во всех без исключения уголках Земли, экономическому процветанию и политической стабильности многих государств. Впечатляющая статистика: количество наркоманов в мире составляет около 50 млн. человек, а ежегодные доходы производителей и распростра­нителей губительного зелья превышают 500 млрд. долл.

Принимая во внимание величину наркотической угрозы в ми­ре, ее трансграничный характер, эффективно противостоять этому злу в одиночку не под силу ни одному государству. Необходимо соединение усилий всего мирового сообщества. Разумеется, стратегия может и должна адаптироваться к меняющимся реа­лиям. Важна регулярная «сверка часов» международного сооб­щества по главным приоритетам борьбы с наркоопасностью.

Россия поддерживает концентрацию усилий Программы по международному контролю над наркотиками в наиболее актуаль­ных вопросах борьбы с наркоопасностью, включающих ужесто­чение контроля над производством и потреблением наркотичес­ких средств и психотропных веществ, укрепление взаимодейст­вия государств на глобальном и региональном уровнях в проти­водействии их незаконному обороту.

Важный вопрос — обеспечение неотвратимости наказания лиц, занимающихся незаконным оборотом наркотиков, лише­ние их безопасного убежища. Путь к этому лежит через укреп­ление и развитие механизмов правовой помощи и выдачи преступников.

В целом, наркотическая ситуация в России остается достаточ­но сложной. Высокими темпами растет численность потребителей наркотиков, что приводит и к повышению уровня наркопреступ­лений. Продолжается нелегальное поступление наркотиков из за­конного оборота в незаконный. Стремительно увеличивается контрабанда наркотиков на территорию России из-за рубежа.

В этих условиях в России последовательно осуществляются крупные меры, направленные на противодействие незаконному обороту наркотиков и злоупотребления ими.

Форсированными темпами разрабатывается новое антинарко­тическое законодательство. В Государственной Думе принят в

первом чтении пакет законопроектов, которыми предполагается урегулировать организационные основы деятельности в области законного оборота наркотиков и противодействия их незакон­ному обороту, определить принципы наркологической помощи и гарантии прав граждан при ее оказании, пересмотреть дейст­вующее административное и уголовное законодательство об от­ветственности за правонарушения, связанные с наркотиками.

На рассмотрение парламентариев вносится также подготовлен­ный заинтересованными министерствами и ведомствами законо­проект об ответственности за легализацию (отмывание) доходов от преступной деятельности, который создает правовую основу для борьбы с «грязными» деньгами, включая наркодоллары.

Определенные результаты достигнуты в улучшении антинар­котической работы среди различных социальных и возрастных групп населения. Наращиваются усилия по повышению эффек­тивности системы контроля за производством и распределением наркотических средств. Успешно проводятся исследования по совершенствованию аэрокосмических методов выявления наркопосевов.

Приоритетное внимание мы уделяем вопросу формирования системы коллективного противодействия наркоугрозе в рамках СНГ. Определенные результаты в этой области уже достигнуты. Российская сторона оказывает немалое практическое содейст­вие ряду стран Содружества в их национальных усилиях по про­тиводействию наркоопасности. Мы придаем важное значение расширению и развитию практического сотрудничества Про­граммы ПРООН с соответствующими российскими ведомства­ми. Весомый импульс к тому призваны придать предстоящие тех­нические консультации ЮНДКП в Москве. Мы ожидаем от них выработки всесторонней и сбалансированной программы со­трудничества с Россией, что, разумеется, предполагает тщатель­ную подготовку данного мероприятия, которая российской сто­роной в настоящее время ведется.

Российская делегация надеется, что нынешняя дискуссия и принятые на ее основе решения будут способствовать дальней­шей консолидации усилий государств в борьбе с наркоопасностью.

* * *

Mr. Chairman,

The Russian Federation fully approves of/fully understands/feels that there is good reason for/considers as entirely reasonable/finds good grounds for/our discussion today of international cooperation in the war on drugs/campaign against drugs. Drug addiction today is among the most terrible/frightening/horrendous/social ills/disasters/ scourges/on our planet. Drug abuse and the illegal drug trade/traffic are/represent/a serious threat to the lives, health and dignity of millions of people in all regions of the globe/in the remotest corners of our planet/everywhere/wherever they may be, and to the economic prosperity and political stability of many states. The statistics are impressive/shocking: the number of drug addicts in the world numbers/accounts for approximately/about/around/some 50 million people, and the yearly incomes of the producers and distributors of these lethal/fatal poisons exceed (the sum of) 500 billion dollars.

Given/taking into account/in the light of/the magnitude/size of the drug threat to the world/on our planet, the way it crosses borders/its universality/the way it knows no borders, resistance to this evil/scourge/cannot be/accomplished/done/carried out/by any state acting in isolation/is impossible for/cannot be coped with by/any state acting alone. What is needed/there is a need for/What is needed are/

efforts of the entire/whole international community. Naturally/of course, the strategy can and must be adapted to changing realities/the changing environment. What is important is a regular "synchronizing of watches"/"joint setting of the watches/clocks" of the international community with the major priorities of the drug war/campaign against drugs/drug threat.

Russia supports the focus of efforts/concentration of efforts/ intensification of efforts at international drug control on the most urgent/ pressing issues in the war on drugs, including tightening/ tighter/control of the production and use of drugs and psychotropic substances by states at the global and regional levels to counteract the illegal trade/traffic.

An important issue/question is/that of/to ensure/ensuring mandatory punishment for individuals engaged in the illegal drug trade and of depriving them of safe havens/shelters. This can be done by/The way to do this is through/strengthening the interaction of states on the global and regional levels to combat/deal with/resist this illegal trade/ traffic.

In general, the drug situation in Russia is/continues to be/ remains/rather complex/difficult. There has been a rapid growth/ increase in the number of drug users, which is leading to a rise in drug-related crimes. There is a continuation of/There continues to be an illegal shift/movement/transfer of drugs from legal to illegal circulation/trade. There is a rapid/rising/swiftly growing/increase in drug smuggling to Russian territory from abroad/from external/ foreign sources.

In these/such/conditions/In such a situation/Russia has been consistently implementing/carrying out/taking/major steps to counteract /combat/cope with/resist/the illegal drug trade and drug abuse.

There has been a stepping up/intensification/speeding up of new

anti-drug legislation. The State Duma adopted at a first reading a package of draft laws designed to establish an organizational basis/ foundation for the legal drug trade and to counteract illegal drug traffic/trade, to determine/define/lay down/set out/the principles for assistance for drug addiction and guarantee the rights of citizens regarding the rendering of such assistance, and to review the existing administrative and criminal legislation regarding/concerning responsibility for legal drug-related offenses.

The parliamentarians also will be considering a draft law proposed /presented by various/the appropriate/ministries and agencies concerning responsibility for the legalization (laundering) of income from criminal activity, which establishes/lays down a legal basis for the campaign against/war on "dirty" money, including drug dollars.

Some results/certain results have been achieved in improving anti­drug work among various/different social and age groups of the population. Efforts are being stepped up/increased to enhance the effectiveness of the system of control over the production and distribution of drugs. Successful studies are research is/being carried out to improve aerial ways of finding/identifying drug crops.

We attach great importance/the highest priority to the question/ issue of the establishment/formation of a system of collective resistance to/work against/efforts to combat the drug threat within the CIS. Some results have already been achieved in this area. The Russian side is rendering considerable practical assistance to a number of countries of the Commonwealth in their national efforts to counter the drug threat. We attach great importance to the expansion and development of real/practical cooperation of UNDP (United Nations Development Program) with the various/appropriate Russian agencies. A major impetus/big push/strong stimulus/for/to this will be given by the upcoming/forthcoming technical consultations with UNDCP (United Nations Drug Control Program) in Moscow. We are expecting that these will produce a comprehensive and balanced program of cooperation with Russia which, naturally, will require careful/thorough/rigorous preparation of this project/undertaking/ activity, which is now/currently/presently being conducted/carried out by Russia/the Russian side.

The Russian delegation hopes that the present/this/discussion and the adoption on its basis/the consequent adoption of/the adoption as a result of decisions will promote/advance/the further consolidation of the efforts of states in the war on drugs.

Комментарии:

1) считает вполне обоснованным — Basically, this means that there is
good reason for something. In this context, "fully approves of will do;
"finds good grounds for" is a bit more literal.

2) борьба с наркоопасностью — the accepted term now is "the war on
drugs."

3) наркомания — this is drug addiction.

4) злоупотребление наркотиками — the expression for drug abuse.

5) незаконный оборот — while this can be translated as "illegal trade,"
"illegal traffic" is becoming more commonly used.

6)во всех без исключения уголках Земли — while this can be translated
literally, "everywhere" is a lot shorter and means exactly the same thing.

7)впечатляющая статистика — literally, the adjective is "impressive" but
since the speaker is obviously stressing how bad the situation is,
"shocking" would do, too. "Figures" can also be used for статистика.

8)противостоять этому злу в одиночку не под силу ни одному государ­
ству — the idea is that all states must act together. Another possibility,
using antonymic translation, is "only by acting together/in concert/can
states successfully withstand/resist this evil/scourge."

9)необходимо — this word, in particular at the beginning of a sentence,
can usually be translated as "There is a need to," which is a lot more
idiomatic than "it is necessary to." That provides for an easy transition to
the rest of the sentence. The alternative, "What is needed is" may lead to
a more complicated construction.

10)контролю — here the word "control" is fine as a translation, but this
is a word which requires care in translation. In the language of
disarmament it often means "verification," and in both disarmament and
politics may mean "monitoring."

11)ужесточение — this can be "tightening" or "intensification," which
sounds better.

12)обеспечение неотвратимости наказания лиц — the idea is that
punishment is mandatory for such people: the literal translation
"irreversibility" does not work.

13)путь к этому — the interpreter should insofar as possible avoid the
hackneyed "path" or "road" in translating путь. "The way to" will do
here, or simply, "This can be done by..."

14)высокими темпами растет — another good example of "think no­
minative..." "There has been rapid growth" will open the way to a smooth
sentence; since a process is involved, the verb should be in a compound
tense rather than simply "there is." The noun should be left in the
singular.

15)в этих условиях — while a literal translation is possible here (and even
a non-nominative construction, — "in these conditions," — a simple
"therefore" or "as a result" would also do. Very often "in these
circumstances" is a much smoother translation of "в этих условиях" than
"in these conditions."

16)форсированными темпами — lends itself to a "There has been"
construction, particularly if the interpreter does not have a text. With a
text, of course, the sentence structure could be inverted: "New anti-drug
legislation is being rapidly drawn up."

17)в Государственной Думе — another good example of "think
nominative." "The Duma adopted at a first reading" is clearly much better
than "In the Duma there was adopted..."

18)на рассмотрение парламентариев — "The parliamentarians will be
considering," the active mood, is much stronger than "for consideration
by the parliamentarians," which then leads to some very awkward
constructions: "is being proposed also the draft law..."

19)определенные результаты — "определенные" can often better be
rendered as "some" rather than by "definite" or "certain."

20)наращивается — the reflexive verb is best rendered by a "there is" or
"there has been" construction.

21)приоритетное внимание мы уделяем... — "we attach" will do, but a
present continuous verb — "we are continuing to attach" — would be
even stronger here.

22)весомый импульс — translations of весомый should usually get away
from anything involving "weighty." "A major impetus" is fine; "a big
push" is very colloquial.

23)борьбе с наркоопасностью — again, this is best rendered by "the war
on drugs."

The Problem of Drugs (UN, 1996)

(Читается с канадским акцентом)

Mr. Chairman,

The Russian Federation finds good grounds for our discussion today of international cooperation in the war on drugs. Drug addiction today is among the most terrible social ills on our planet. Drug abuse and the illegal drug trade represent a serious threat to the lives, health and dignity of millions of people everywhere, and to the economic prosperity and political stability of many states. The statistics are shocking: the number of drug addicts in the world accounts for some 50 million people, and the yearly incomes of the producers and distributors of these lethal poisons exceed 500 billion dollars.

In the light of the magnitude of the drug threat to our planet, its universality, resistance to this evil is impossible for any state acting alone. What is needed are efforts of the entire international community. Naturally, the strategy can and must be adapted to changing realities. What is important is a regular "synchronizing of watches" of the international community with the major priorities of the campaign against drugs.

Russia supports the intensification of efforts at international drug control on the most urgent issues in the war on drugs, including tighter control of the production and use of drugs and psychotropic substances by states at the global and regional levels to counteract the illegal traffic.

An important question is to ensure mandatory punishment for individuals engaged in the illegal drug trade and to deprive them of safe havens. The way to do this is through strengthening the interaction of states on the global and regional levels to combat this illegal trade.

In general, the drug situation in Russia remains rather complex. There has been a rapid growth in the number of drug users, which is leading to a rise in drug-related crimes. There is a continuation of an illegal transfer of drugs from legal to illegal circulation. There