Indefinite Gerund Passive (being written)

Обычно переводится глаголом в настоящем времени.

We knew nothing about her being sent to Moscow. – Мы ничего не знали о том, что ее посылают в Москву.

Perfect Gerund Active (having written)

Perfect Gerund Passive (having been written)

Обычно переводятся глаголом в прошедшем времени.

The engineer mentioned his having tested this material for strength with an entirely satisfactory result. – Инженер упомянул о том, что он испытал этот материал на прочность с вполне удовлетворительным результатом.

We knew nothing of her having been sent to Moscow. – Мы ничего не знали о том, что ее послали в Москву.

Сравнение герундия и причастия.

Они имеют одинаковую форму (-ing), но отличаются:

1) по функции в предложении

Герундий может быть любым членом предложения, причастие – только определением, обстоятельством или частью сказуемого. Если предложение начинается словом с окончанием –ing, то это может быть герундий в функции подлежащего (если за ним идет глагол-сказуемое) или причастие в функции обстоятельства (если за ним следует подлежащее).

Gerund: Testing the motor was necessary. – Испытать мотор было необходимо.

Participle: Testing the motor, he saw… – Испытывая мотор, он увидел…

2) по наличию предлога

Оба могут быть обстоятельством и определением. В отличие от причастия, перед герундием в этом случае, как правило, стоит предлог. Перед причастием может стоять союз when или while.

3) по наличию перед герундием притяжательного местоимения или существительного в притяжательном или общем падеже.

We heard of his going to London. – Мы слышали, что он едет в Лондон.

We know of copper and silver being the best conductors. – Мы знаем, что медь и серебро – самые лучшие проводники.

Кроме причастия и герундия при помощи суффикса-окончания –ing образуется еще отглагольное существительное.

to meet (встречать) – meeting (встреча, собрание, митинг).

В отличие от герундия, оно обладает только свойствами существительного и поэтому:

1) употребляется с артиклем;

2) может иметь форму множественного числа;

3) может определяться прилагательным:

The readings of this device are correct. – Показания этого прибора верны.

Exercises:

Ex. 1Translate the phrases and the sentences.

a) without destroying; without maintaining; without studying; without replacing; without creating.

b) instead of improving, instead of exploring, instead of putting, instead of solving, instead of saving, instead of processing, instead of mounting, instead of utilizing, instead of constructing, instead of referring.

c) Stop cooling! Stop heating! Stop working! Stop reading! Stop oxidizing! Stop observing!

Ex. 2 Translate paying attention to the forms with –ed and –ing.

In one of his experiments with the electric lamp, Thomas A. Edison placed a small metal plate inside the evacuated envelope surrounding the filament (нить накала). This plate was not touching the filament. By placing a galvanometer between the positive side of the filament and the plates, Edison noted a current flowing through the seemingly (кажущийся) open circuit between the filament and the metal plate. This action is called the Edison effect. In 1904 Ambrose Fleming improved the plate by forming it into a tubular (цилиндрический) shape. This two-element tube was called a diode.

Ex. 3Translate the sentences and define the functions of the Gerund.

1. Measuring distances to the planets and stars has a lot of difficulties.

2. One of the effects of heat is turning a solid into liquid.

3. He likes reading.

4. Heating the substance up to 85 °C was absolutely necessary.

5. Thank you for coming.

6. The idea of utilizing the energy of oceans and seas for man’s needs is not new.

7. I watched Paul’s reading.

8. Water may be cooled without becoming solid.

9. I like Jane’s singing.

10. There are ways of generating heat besides that of combustion.

11. Heat is a form of energy, that is, it is capable of doing work.

12. Studying these phenomena was a difficult task for the scientists.

Ex. 4Translate and define the function and the form of the Gerund.

A.

1. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer.

2. He remembers having added some water to the mixture.

3. They finished installing the apparatus only on Saturday.

4. They began making the experiment in May.

5. After failing his examination in January he had to take it again in February.

6. After graduating from the Institute he worked in the Far North.

7. At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work.

8. There are different ways of obtaining the substance.

9. The organizers of the conference were informed of his refusing to take part in it.

10. I remember his having been interested in languages in his childhood.

B.

1. I know of his having been sent to work to the Far East.

2. What is the reason for his having left our city so suddenly?

3. We heard of the experiment having been started last week.

4. He improved his report by changing the end.

5. They objected to his staying at home.

6. Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a new one in the center of the town.

7. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up.

8. It is possible to set up power stations based on utilizing the heat of the Sun.

9. The idea of creating a multi-stage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky.

10. Before being sent up the balloon was filled with a special gas.

11. What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure?

12. Science requires experimenting.

13. Speaking foreign languages is important for every educated man.

Ex. 5 Translate paying attention to the –ing form.

1. The monument needs restoring.

2. The monument of what century are you restoring?

3. The monument of what century is being restored?

4. The experts restoring the monument were provided with modern techniques.

5. With the help of a magnet we can hold two huge metal plates together without tying them.

6. He pointed out that the assembling time of the apparatus was very short.

7. The police were informed of the criminals having appeared in the city.

8. The committee studied the problem of improving the bus service in the town without increasing the number of buses operating on the routes.

9. Increasing population of the world changes the face of the Earth.

10. Heating the substance to high temperatures the substance considerably expanded.

11. Being heated to high temperatures the substance considerably expanded.

12. The substance was being heated for three hours.

Ex. 6Translate the sentences with the Gerund.

1. He keeps insisting on my going to the south.

2. Oh please do stop laughing at him.

3. Do you mind my asking you a difficult question?

4. Would you mind coming again in a day or two?

5. I don’t mind wearing this dress.

6. She could not help smiling.

7. I cannot put off doing this translation.

8. Though David was tired, he went on walking in the direction of Dover.

9. I avoided speaking to them about that matter.

10. She burst out crying.

11. They burst out laughing.

12. She denied having been at home that evening.

13. He enjoyed talking of the pleasures of traveling.

14. Excuse my leaving you at such a moment.

15. Please forgive my interfering.

Ex. 7Translate into English, using the Gerund.

1. Перестаньте разговаривать.

2. Мы закончили работу над этой проблемой.

3. Продолжайте петь.

4. Вы не против того, чтобы открыть окно?

5. Он отрицал свое участие в преступлении.

6. Я очень люблю рисовать.

7. Мы получили удовольствие от плавания.

8. Я не могла не согласиться с ним.

9. Он рассмеялся.

10. Она бросила курить.

11. Она избегала встречи с ним.

12. Мы отложим обсуждение доклада.

13. Наконец, они перестали смеяться.

14. Она отрицала, что украла деньги.

Date: 2015-07-02; view: 1820; Нарушение авторских прав