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Can, May, Have To, Must, ShouldCAN We use 'can' to talk about 'possibility'.
Notice that there are two negative forms: 'can't' and 'cannot'. These mean exactly the same thing. When we are speaking, we usually say 'can't'. We use 'can' to talk about 'ability'.
We use 'can' to ask for and give permission. (We also use 'may' for this but is more formal and much less common.)
We use 'can' in offers, requests and instructions.
We use 'can' with 'see' 'hear' 'feel' 'smell' 'taste' to talk about something which is happening now. (Where you would use the present continuous with most other verbs.)
We can use 'can't' for deduction. The opposite of 'can't' in this context is 'must'.
MAY We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English
We use 'may' to suggest something is possible
MIGHT We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that 'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and 'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English.
For the past, we use 'might have'.
MUST OR HAVE TO We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.
We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.
In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.
We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually means that that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember that 'will' is often used to show 'willingness'.)
As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small and very subtle. However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.
We use 'don't have to' (or 'haven't got to' in British English) to state that there is NO obligation or necessity.
SHOULD We use 'should' for giving advice.
We use 'should' to give an opinion or a recommendation.
'Should' expresses a personal opinion and is much weaker and more personal than 'must' or 'have to'. It is often introduced by ' I think'.
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