Контрольная работа № 1

1. Прочитайте текст и письменно ответьте по-английски на вопросы, следующие за текстом.

2. Выпишите из текста существительные в единственном числе и поставьте их во множественном числе.

3. Выпишите из текста предложные конструкции с предлогом of и переведите их на русский язык. Замените существительные с предлогом of существительными в притяжательном падеже.

4. Выпишите из текста прилагательные и наречия, переведите их на русский язык и образуйте степени сравнения.

5. Найдите в тексте и переведите на русский язык предложения, в которых употреблены местоимения. Укажите к какой группе они относятся (личные, притяжательные, указательные, вопросительные, относительные).

6. Выпишите из текста все неправильные глаголы, запишите их основные формы и переведите их на русский язык.

7. Выпишите из текста предложения в Present Indefinite и переведите их на русский язык. Напишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

8. Выпишите из текста предложения в Past или Future Indefinite и переведите их на русский язык. Напишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

9. Поставьте глагол-сказуемое одного предложения из текста во все временные формы группы Indefinite в страдательном залоге, произведя все необходимые смысловые изменения.

Образец: The text is translated by the student.

The text was translated by the student yesterday.

The text will be translated by the student tomorrow.

11. Переведите письменно текст контрольной работы № 1 на русский язык. При переводе пользуйтесь англо-русским словарем.

Текст № 1

NATURE’S BUILDING BLOCKS

What are atoms?

Over two thousand years ago, about 400 B.C., the Greek philosopher Democritus tried to figure out what the world is made up of and how it came to be the way it is. He came to the conclusion that all things are made up of tiny particles, too small to be seen. There are many kinds, he thought, and they are always moving about, sometimes combining, and sometimes separating again.

Democritus deserves tremendous credit for giving us this theory.

In the past people believed in many ideas which new knowledge and experience later proved false¹. But all the discoveries of science in over two thousand years of work and study show that Democritus was right.

Investigations by chemists have shown that every chemical compound, such as salt or water, is made up of many tiny particles called molecules. In solids and liquids they are packed closely together. In gases they are spread out thin, with big spaces separating the molecules from each other. Each molecule in a compound is the same as all the other molecules in the same compound, but it is different from the molecules in other compounds. Since there are thousands of different compounds, there are thousands of different kinds of molecules, ranging from simple ones, like the molecules of salt or water, to very complicated ones found only in living things.

Further study has shown that the molecules themselves are made up of still smaller particles known as atoms. Although there are thousands of different molecules, there are only 103 different kinds of atoms..These 103 different kinds of atoms, known as the chemical elements, are the building blocks out of which all material things are made.

Note

1. proved false ‑ оказались ошибочными

Questions

1) What is the world made up of according to Democritus?

2) Did his theory prove right?

3) When and where did Democritus live?

4) What is every chemical compound made up of according to modern science?

Текст № 2

SWIMMING

Many animals can swim without being taught how. People are not so fortunate. They have to learn to swim. But it is very much worthwhile to learn to swim for three reasons: swimming is fun. It is good exercise for building strong bodies. And being able to swim takes away most of the danger from boating, water skiing, and other water sports. There are four styles of sports swimming: freestyle (crawl), backstroke¹, breaststroke² and butterfly.

Swimming is so popular that many public swimming pools have been built. Many public beaches have been set up.

Swimming is one of the sports that make up the Olympic games. Swimmers from all over the world compete in these games.

It may seem strange that swimming was not included in ancient

Olympic games, though people had known it long ago. Both in ancient Greece and Rome swimming was as important as reading. Soldiers often sailed to other lands and fought on seas too. They were taught swimming for life-saving.

As a sport swimming was practised in Japan. There swimming contests were held before the new era. Since the 17th century it has been taught in schools. But the Japanese did not let foreigners into their country. That is why it were Europeans who developed swimming and made it a sport.

One of the earliest swimming competitions in Europe was held in 1515 in Venice. In 1538, the first swimming handbook was published. First swimming schools began to appear m the end of the 18th century. Swimmers trained and contested mostly in rivers, ponds and lakes, which was only possible in summer. In the 19th century covered pools appeared and swimming became very popular.

Many countries organized national swimming championships, and the first European championship was held in 1890. Six years later, swimming became the Olympic sport and in 1908 the International Swimming Federation was formed. Oddly enough, the first world championship was only held in 1973, or 65 years later!

Swimming as a sport was not popular in Russia. Training and competitions were only possible in summer and sportsmen could not achieve good results. The first swimming competitions in Russia were held in 1913 in Kiev.

Things changed after the Revolution. Swimming schools opened in Moscow in the 20s. And in the 30s first covered pools were built. Soviet swimmers could train all the year round and they did well.

Regular swimming championships of the Soviet Union have been held since 1928. And since 1947 our swimmers have been taking part in international competitions. Many of them have achieved good results and set new records. Among them are G. Prozumenshchikova (Stepanova), S. Babanina, V. Bure, V. Salnikov and others.

Notes

1. backstroke ‑ плавание на спине

2. breaststroke ‑ брасс, плавание брассом

Questions

1) Why is it worthwhile to learn to swim?

2) How many styles are there in swimming?

3) Where was swimming practiced as a sport?

4) When did swimming become very popular?

5) Was swimming as a sport popular in Russia?

6) What famous Soviet swimmers do you know?

Текст № 3

TOOL

A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or achieve a task, but that is not consumed in the process. Informally the word is also used to describe a procedure or process with a specific purpose. Tools that are used in particular fields or activities may have different designations such as Instrument, Utensil, Implement, Machine, or Apparatus.

Anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind. Humans evolved an opposable thumb - useful in holding tools - and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools. Because tools are used extensively by both humans and wild chimpanzees, it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species. These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable materials such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. The beginning of the Stone Age marks the era when hominins first began manufacturing stone tools, and evidence of these tools dates back at least 2.6 million years in Ethiopia. One of the earliest distinguishable stone tool forms is the hand axe.

Tools are the most important items that the ancient humans used to climb to the top of the food chain; by inventing tools, they were able to accomplish tasks that human bodies could not, such as using a spear or bow and arrow to kill prey, since their teeth were not sharp enough to pierce many animals' skins.

The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of agriculture around the 4th millennium BC. Mechanical devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the Middle Ages with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

Machine tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the industrial revolution. Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.

Questions

1) What is a tool?

2) When did the first routine use of tools take place?

3) Why are tools the most important items?

4) What occasioned the industrial revolution?