Контрольная работа №1.

Вариант № 1

LAWYER

I'm a student of the Saratov State Academy of Law. I'll graduate from the Academy and become a professional lawyer. To become a good lawyer one must know much. So at the Academy we are taught various general and special subjects: Roman Law, Labour Law, Family Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law.

The profession of a lawyer is quite diversified. The graduates of our Academy can work as investigators, judges, defence counsels, legal consultants. I'd like to be a judge and to work at a People's Court. My friends work at the Procurator's Office, Militia.

I think that now profession of a lawyer is one of the most important in the state. Lawyers have to solve many problems that still exist in our society. The duty of lawyers is not only to punish people for various crimes: hooliganism, murder, traffic violation and so on but they must do their best to prevent crimes, to fight against evil in our society. They should help those people who committed an error to find the right road to their life.

The lawyers protect the rights and legal interests of citizens, institutions and organizations. All the citizens are equal before the law. Judges are elected for a term of 5 years.

In our country justice is exercised on the principles of equality of citizens before the law and the court, regardless of social position, property or official standing, nationality or race.

I. Переведите с английского языка на русский:

Family Law; defence counsels; Procurator's Office; lаw-governed state; traffic violation; to fight against smth; to commit an error; legal interests; representative; equal authority; to be exercised on something; regardless; property.

II. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Трудовое право; гражданское право; разносторонний; следователь; судья; юрисконсульт; существовать; наказывать; преступления; ошибка; избирать.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1. I study at the Law Faculty.

2. You will work as lawyers in future.

3. Legislation to protect the public against terrorism gave the authorities certain exceptional powers.

4. Proceedings of all courts are open.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, определяя, чем является окончание - s: a) показателем множественного числа существительного; б) показателем притяжательного падежа; с) окончанием глагола в 3 л. ед. ч. в Present Simple.

1. All citizens are equal before the law.

2. All people before the court are presumed innocent, until the court finds them guilty.

3. My friends work at the Procurator's Office.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. More serious cases are heard in the Crown Courts.

2. The Justice Department is reasonable for faithful execution of the laws under the president's authority.

3. As well as government departments there are government agencies formed to operate public services.

4. The Court reporter, who sits close to the witnesses and the judge, puts down every word that is spoken during the trial and also may record the proceedings on tape.

VI. Задайте вопросы к предложениям и поставьте их в отрицательную форму:

1. The profession of a lawyer is quite diversified.

2. The lawyers protect the rights of citizens.

3. England abolished judicial corporal punishment in 1948.

4. The profession of a lawyer will be the most respectful in the law-governed state.

5. The Government takes a number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system.

Вариант № 2

TYPES OF LEGAL PROFESSION

SOLICITORS. There are about 50,000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-today work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates" court.

BARRISTERS. There are about 5,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyer are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level of barristers have the title QC (Queen's Council).

JUDGES. There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.

JURY. A jury consists of twelve people ("juriors"), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.

MAGISTRATES. There are about 30,000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in the lower courts. There are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.

CORONERS. Coroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.

CLERKS OF THE COURT. Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.

I. Переведите с английского языка на русский:

Rapidly increasing; to deal with...; higher courts; to defend; to wear wigs and gowns; to preside in serious cases; to consist of...; to vote; the defendant; to inquire into; to look after legal matters.

II. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Судебное дело; преследовать в судебном порядке; наугад; выборы; невиновный; наказание; председательствующий судья; не иметь юридической квалификации; представительные люди; насильственная смерть.

III. Верны или неверны следующие утверждения:

1. There are about 50,000 solicitors, a number of which is not increasing.

2. Solicitors prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts.

3. Sometimes solicitors and barristers work together on cases.

4. There is a separate training for judges.

5. There are about 30,000 magistrates, who judge cases in the higher courts.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the difference between solicitors and barristers?

2. What is the highest level of barristers?

3. Who is «a juror»

4. What do coroners do?

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1. This man has not spoken in his defence.

2. When asked to explain the difference between an ordinary citizen and a lawyer, a well-known barrister explained.

3. Crime statistics had reflected different kinds of offences.

4. The police will have investigated the latest robbery by the beginning of the next week.

VI. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks... (to begin) to put their laws into writing.

2. Many English laws... (to derive) from judicial precedents.

3. I think he... (to achieve) great success in his studies.

4. We... (to discuss) new aspects of privatization at the next seminar.

Вариант № 3

SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS

The English word "law" refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave.

In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority.

Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experience. Sometimes, we can break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example when young children commit crimes).

I. Переведите с английского языка на русский:

То behave; limits; prescribe; customs; to belong to; to accept; moral behavior; however; one's own experiences; to refuse to have anything to do with smb; to be guided by smth; to commit crimes.

II. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Предписанный; регулировать; проводить законы в жизнь; нести наказание; нарушать (законы); политическая власть; страдать; постоянно; вести себя жестоко по отношению к кому-либо; создавать; подчеркивать; отдельный случай.

III. Верны или неверны следующие предложения:

1. There are two kinds of laws: descriptive and prescriptive.

2. Customs are more formal than the rules of social institutions.

3. Customs are made by governments and they are written down.

4. When young children commit crimes the law is not enforced against them.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does the English word "law" refer to?

2. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive laws?

3. What is the difference between the rules of social institutions and customs?

4. Are there any instances where the law is not enforced against someone?

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов.

1. The jury system became more firmly established and trial by jury became compulsory.

2. Over the past two centuries, the Constitution has also had considerable influence outside the United States.

3. They explained now they had planned the robbery. 4.1 was reading a book when the police came.

VI. Поставьте прилагательные в необходимые формы сравнения.

1. The profession of a lawyer is one of the (important) in the law-governed state.

2. The Queen is the (official) Head of State.

3. Lawyers' salaries are (great) than those of many other professionals.

4. This barrister has as (many) clients as that one.

5. The (little) the evidence, the (difficult) to find a murderer.

Вариант № 4

ANCIENT SYSTEMS OF LAW

One of the earliest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the collection of laws, known as the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, who lived in about 1900 B.C., and whose stone figure we can see in the British Museum in London. Another early code is the code of Hebrew Law contained in the Bible.

In Greece each city state had its own law, some laws were common to many states. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. About 594 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law. The Athenians did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to 2,500. The members of a jury listened to speeches made by the persons who had brought the case before them, and by their friends. Barristers did not participate in court proceedings, but professional speech writers sometimes prepare speeches.

Roman law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. It was based upon custom, and by A.D. 528 the quantity of Roman law had become so immense that The Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws.

Roman law had a deep influence upon the law of the world. It had a strong influence of most European countries and some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of the world. After many years Roman law reappeared in the eleventh century, when there was a great revival of learning. Many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. In France, however, until Napoleon codified the law in 1804, each province has its own laws. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and it has influenced the law of many countries in Europe and South America.

Notes:

В.С. (before Christ) – до нашей эры.

Hebrew Law – древнееврейское право.

A.D. (Anno Domini) (лат.) – нашей эры.

I. Переведите с английского языка на русский:

Code; state; a law-giver; non-criminal cases; a jury; to participate; to exist; to be based upon; quantity; to have a deep influence upon a great revival of learning.

II. Переведите с русского языка на английский:

Каменная фигура; содержащийся; излагать в письменной форме; обеспечивать; выносить вердикт; судебное разбирательство; огромный; появиться снова; приводить в систему; достижение.

III. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What ancient systems of law do we have knowledge of?

2. What book contains one of the earliest systems of law?

3. When did the Greeks begin to put their laws into writing?

4. What is one of the greatest systems of law?

5. What system of law had a great influence on the law of the world?

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов в пассивном залоге.

1. The law on partnership was codified by the Parliament in 1972.

2. Customs are not created by societies consciously.

3. Many general customs have been adopted by the courts and have become laws.

4. Roman law was used in the courts by many European countries.

V. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы.

1. The custom must not be unreasonable.

2. Preparing a bill for submission to Parliament may take many months.

3. The Lords can merely delay bills which they don't like.

4. They should participate in the movement aiming to bring about fundamental change.

VI. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции и значение слов «it» и «one».

1. It is not easy to cross-examine all witnesses in a short period of time.

2. Law cannot be separated from the judges who interpret and administer it.

3. It is the cabinet and not Parliament that controls and runs the nation's affair in England.

4. Business contacts as well as cultural ones contribute to mutual understanding and trust among peoples.

5. One must observe the law.