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Questions and assignments





1. Explain why linguistic changes are usually slow and gradual.

2. At first glance the vocabulary of the language seems to change very rapidly, as new words spring up all the time. Could the fol­lowing words be regarded as absolutely new? (Note the meaning, component parts and word-building pattern); jet-plane (cf. airplane), type­script (cf. manuscript), air-lift, baby-sitter, sputnik, Soviet, safari, bestseller, cyclization, air-taxi, astrobiology, sunsuit, pepper, gas.

3. In the 14th c. the following words were pronounced exactly as they are spelt, the Latin letters retaining their original sound values. Show the phonetic changes since the 14th c: moon, fat, meet, rider, want, knee, turn, first, part, for, often, e.g. nut — [nut] > [nʌt].

4. Point out the peculiarities in grammatical forms in the fol­lowing passages from Shakespeare's SONNETS and describe the changes which must have occurred after the 17th c:

a) As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou grow'st

In one of thine, from that which thou departest...

b) It is thy spirit that thou send'st from thee...

It is my love that keeps mine eyes awake;

Mine own true love that doth my rest defeat —

c) Bring me within the level of your frown.

But shoot not at me in your wakened hate!

5. Comment on the following quotations from the works of promi­nent modern linguists and speak on the problems of linguistic change:

a) One may say with R. Jakobson, a little paradoxically, that a linguistic change is a synchronic fact. (A. Sommerfelt)

b) Visible change is the tip of an iceberg. Every alteration that eventually establishes itself, had to exist formerly as a choice. This means that the seedbed for variation in time is simply the whole land­scape of variation in space. (D. Bolinger)

c) The structure of language is nothing but the unstable balance between the needs of communication, which require more numerous and more specific units and man's inertia, which favours less numerous, less specific and more frequently occurring units. (A. Martinet)

d) That two forms, the new and the old, can occasionally exist in wholly free variation is a possibility that has not yet been disproved but, as Bloomfield rightly remarked "when a speaker knows two rival forms, they differ in connotation, since he has heard them from differ­ent persons under different circumstances". (M. Samuels)


Date: 2016-11-17; view: 1195; Нарушение авторских прав; Помощь в написании работы --> СЮДА...



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