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Inventors and Their Inventions





I,Read the text. What is the main idea of this text?


1 Edison is known as one of the greatest inventors of this time. He invented so much that it is difficult to say which of this achievements is the greatest. He was an experimenter a practical man more than a theoretician.
2 In 1868 Edison built his first patented invention – an electromagnetic device.
3 All his inventions were the result of hard work. He sometimes made thousand of experiments. According to this words the idea that a genius works only by inspiration was absurd. “Genius is 2 per cent inspiration and 98 per cent perspiration,” he often said.

4 Samuel Colt was an American. He lived in the 19th century. In the 1836 he designed and patented a pistol. It was a pistol with a revolving barrel that could fire 6 bullets one after the other. It was the first pistol of its kind. Later there came many other pistols with 6 bullets.

5 Rudolf Diesel was a German engineer. He was born in 1858 and died in 1913. In 1897 he invented a new internal combustion engine. This engine is known as a diesel and began a transport revolution in cars, lorries, trains and ships. The main advantage of diesels is that they run on rather cheap fuel.
6 Samuel Finley Morse was born in 1791. He died in 1872. He was a portrait painter. Then he became the inventor. For 12 years he tried to perfect the telegraph and he was a success. Later he invented the telegraphic dot-and-dash alphabet. Now it is knows as Morse code. Morse code was not only one in America of that time. There were some others. But now we use Morse code all over the world.
7 Charles Rolls was born in 1881 in Great Britain. He died in 1910. He was an aristocrat and businessman. He was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce. Henry Royce was a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car. At the beginning of the 20th century it seemed to be a fantasy. But they worked hard and a last in 1907 they created the world-famous Rolls-Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models of Rolls-Royce cars “Silver Ghost” hadn’t changed greatly for 20 years since 1907.

8 Gotlif Daimler and Charles Benz were two inventors. They lived in Germany. They were both interested in car production. At the end of the 19th century each of them designed a car. At the same time they organized two independent firms to produce them.

9 All the cars produced by the firm of Daimler were called “Mercedes”. Mercedes was a daughter’s name of one of the stockholders of the firm. This man saved the firm of Daimler from the financial crisis at the beginning of the 20th century. But after the World War I the firm of Daimler met financial difficulties again. This time it had to join the firm of Benz. Since that time all the cars produced by the firm “Daimler-Benz” have been called “Mercedes-Benz”


He started Britain’s Railways


10 During the First Industrial Revolution machinery was talking the place of human labour and factories were being built all over England. The new factories needed coal for driving their machines, therefore the demand for coal was becoming so great that a quicker and cheaper method of transport was becoming an urgent need.

11 Several attempts had already been made to design a steam locomotive, based upon Watt’s stationary engines. None of the attempts had been successful.
12 Stephenson had followed these earlier experiments with great interest, and he became convinced that he could design a locomotive. So he decided to try to build an engine with two vertical cylinders and a boiler, eight feet long and three feet in diameter. He then laid, instead of the wooden rails used by the horse wagons, smooth metal rails for his engine to run on. This innovation made his experiment successful. His locomotive hauled eight loaded wagons weighing more than thirty tons at a speed of four miles an hour.

13 No engine had done such a thing before, but Stephenson considered this engine only a beginning. When he heard that there were plans to build a railway of about thirty-six miles for horse-drawn wagons to carry, both goods and passengers between Stockton and Darlington, Stephenson asked for the task of building the railway. He said that he was going to use metal instead of wooden rails, and steam-engines instead of horses. Stephenson even decided to establish his own locomotive factory in Newcastle to build locomotives for the Stockton – Darlington railway

14 Then the new railway was opened on September 27, 1825, several thousand people came to watch the ceremony. The trail consisted of six wagons loaded with coal and flour and twenty-two trucks had benches for the use of any members of the public who wished to ride. Stephenson himself drove the engine. By the time the trail reached Stockton, it was carrying more than six hundred passengers.
15 The building of the Stockton-Darlington railway for a steam locomotive won Stephenson such a good reputation that he was soon invited to build a still larger railway, this time between Liverpool and Manchester to serve the expanding cotton industry.
16 While this work was going on, the promoters of the railway offered a prize to the engineer who would build the best engine for it. There were give competitors, but the prize was won by George Stephenson with his new engine the Rocket. This engine had a boiler with twenty-five fire-tubes in it which improved steam generation.
Computer System


17 A computer system is made up of five fundamental units. The central part of a computer is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU includes 2 units: the Control Unit (CU), and the Arithmetic-Logical Unit (ALU).
18 The Arithmetic-Logical Unit is the “brain” of the computer system. It performs the most important operations of a computer system – arithmetic and logical operations on the data.

19 On the other hand, the Control Unit functions more like a “house master”. It decides the sequence of operations for the system. It generates and manages all control signals to streamlining the operations and flow of data within the ALU.
20 Memory module is the next part of a computer system. The memory of the computer is used to store information. Several types of memories are normally present in a computer system. These two basic types of memories are respectively knows as ROM (Read Only Memory) or RAM (Random Access Memory). Secondary memories can reside externally to the computer. A typical example would be diskettes.

21 The last part of a computer system is the input/output – module. The input – module supplies data to the ALU. It can be, for example, a keyboard. The output – module on the other hand displays to the outside world the data exiting from the ALU. A familiar example is the video display unit (VDU).
22 Personal computer systems are used now on a wide scale.
23 The basic components of a personal computer consist of the system unit, the keyboard, the video display unit, the printer and optionally the mouse. They can be easily connected and ready to be used in a matter of minutes.
24 The system unit contains a 16/24/32 – bit microprocessor, the two diskette drives housed in a single table – top unit. The system unit is a powered from a standard 230 – volt ac grounded wall outlet.
25 The Computer System has two modes: alphanumeric (A/N) or text mode and graphics mode.

26 A few words about A/N mode.

27 In text mode, it supports either a 40/25 or an 80/25 display format. Each character is format in a 8/8 character box. Characters can be black or white or displayed in colour with 8 background colours and 16 foreground colours. Multiple pages of text may also be stored in the adapted.

28 The display adapter card contains ROM character generator that provides 256 characters for displaying on the screen. In addition to the standard 96 ASCII characters, there are special characters for supporting games and text processing, plus international character and symbols, line graphics, scientific notations and Greek characters.

29 Each display character position is defined by two bytes in the adapter 16K RAM. One byte is for the display character code byte, which is the ASCII character code and the second byte is the attribute.

30 Thus, for the 80 column per 25 rows display, it’s required 4000 bytes.
31 The second possible mode is a graphics mode. The adapter card has two graphics modes – a 320/200 four colour mode and a 640/200 monochrome mode. In the 320/200 mode, each dot on the screen can be programmed with any of the four colours.

32 The 320/200 medium resolution mode uses 16000 bytes of memory, organized in 4 pixels horizontally per byte. The screen is divided into two buffers, the first 8K buffer holding data for the even lines and the second hold data for the odd lines. Each pixel on the screen is defined by two bits.
33 The 640/200 high resolution mode requires 16Kb. Every bit is mapped to a pixel on the screen. So, one byte will represent 8 pixels on the screen.
34 The personal computer can be connected to either 84-keys or a 101-keys keyboard.
35 The 84-keys keyboard is a AT/XT compatible keyboard. It is changeable to the AT or XT by selective switch at the back of the keyboard.
36 Various languages keyboards are available: English, German, Russian and others.
37 The 101-keys keyboard with an outside is to select XT or AT mode. It is basically an intelligent and detachable keyboard.

 

Date: 2016-05-25; view: 1306; Нарушение авторских прав; Помощь в написании работы --> СЮДА...



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