Екзаменаційний білет № 19

Verbs which have the past or the present form are called FINITE verbs. Verbs in any other form (infinitive, -ing, or -ed) are called NONFINITE verbs. This means that verbs with tense are finite, and verbs without tense are nonfinite. The distinction between finite and nonfinite verbs is a very important one in grammar, since it affects how verbs behave in sentences. Here are some examples of each type:       Tense Finite or Nonfinite? David plays the piano Present Finite My sister spoke French on holiday Past Finite It took courage to continue after the accident NONE -- the verb has the infinitive form Nonfinite Leaving home can be very traumatic NONE -- the verb has the -ing form Nonfinite Leave immediately when you are asked to do so NONE -- the verb has the -ed form Nonfinite In each of the following sentences, indicate whether the highlighted verb is finite or nonfinite.   1. Paul runs to work every day Finite Nonfinite 2. They have run away together Finite Nonfinite 3. Tim gave Paul a menacing look Finite Nonfinite 4. Katie was watching TV when the phone rang Finite Nonfinite 5. We found him smokingbehind the shed Finite Nonfinite

the category of finitude according to which there are distinguished finite and non-finite forms. This category is lexico-grammatical;

Mood' and 'modality' are separate components of grammar, but they're related in origin and to some extent in meaning.

The word 'modal' is, in origin, connected with the mode, manner, or fashion of doing something, rather than the substance. But from the 16th century onwards, it was used in logic and philosophy to refer to propositions involving the affirmation of possibility and impossibility, existence and non-existence, contingency and necessity, and this is the meaning that has been taken into grammar.

'Mood', as used in grammar, is also derived from 'mode', but at some stage the vowel changed by association with the completely different word 'mood', meaning a state of mind (e.g. a good/bad mood).

If we wanted to make a very broad distinction between different kinds of meanings we express in language, we could say that the sentence:

We met at the pub

expresses a straightforward fact objectively, whereas sentences like these:

Meet me at the pub

When did we meet at the pub?

Shall we meet at the pub?

We must have met at the pub

I could meet you at the pub, if you like

If we met at the pub, we could have a chat about things

are basically 'about' the same thing, but show the speaker (or writer, of course) taking different approaches towards it. We find out about the speaker's attitude towards, or perception of, an event which may or may not take place, or have taken place. Mood and modality are both concerned, in their different ways, with this distinction between objective statement and speaker-centredness.