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History of bridges
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The first bridges were made by nature itself – as simple as a log fallen across a stream or stones in the river. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small wells to get from one place to another. A common form of sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the use of long fibres woven together to form a rope used for binding and holding together the materials used in early bridges.
| http://ru.advisor.travel/poi/Arkadiko-Bridge-12306 |
The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock. Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost then later rediscovered.
| Alcántara Bridge |
An ancient Indian treatise mentions the construction of dams and bridges. The use of stronger bridges using plaited (переплетенный) bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India.
Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of the Warring States (476-221 BC), the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD.
Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes Mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century.
| http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/2c06/lectures/06L03IndRev.htm |
During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich, Johannes Grubenmann, and others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Coalbrookdale, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.
With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.
In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road bridge in the world.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge#History
Date: 2015-12-12; view: 1275; Нарушение авторских прав