История подтверждает правоту Фридриха Листа

Огромные промышленные успехи Британии, Америки, Советского Союза, Германии Бисмарка, довоенной Японии, быстрое восстановление Европы, Японии, азиатских «тигров» и, недавно, Китая были достигнуты по рецептам Фридриха Листа, но ни одна нация в мире ни разу не развилась, следуя свободной торговле Адама Смита.

Мы привели здесь только краткое изложение истории протекционизма. Другие наши книги очень подробно описывают все его аспекты, в основном применительно к мировой торговле. Но изъятие богатства у бедных не ограничивается мировой торговлей, и в нашей работе [29] мы также описываем необходимость защиты слабых производителей внутри экономики отдельной страны.

Для всех богатых стран является нормой протекционизм как внутри своих экономик, так и в мировой торговле. От слабых стран на периферии империи требуют проведения структурных изменений, но ни одна из сильных стран не оставляет своих граждан на съедение глобальному капиталу. Если бы кто-то попробовал, граждане этой страны немедленно сместили бы такое правительство.

В классический и неолиберальной экономике отсутствует упоминание об экспоненциальной разнице в накоплении капитала из-за неравной оплаты за одинаково производительный труд; об истоках грабежа торговлей; о том, что свободная торговля по Адаму Смиту – это всё тот же видоизменённый грабеж торговлей.

Список литературы к Приложению А

1. J.W. Smith, Economic Democracy: The Political Struggle of the Twenty-First Century, (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2000), pp. 24 (в авторской редакции для второго издания), for labor rates, citing, Doug Henwood, “Clinton and the Austerity – p. 628. Colin Hines and Tim Lang (Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith eds.) in The Case Against the Global Economy and for A Turn Toward the Local (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1996), p. 487 say $24.90 an hour for the Germany and $16.40 for the U.S. When benefits are included German manufacturing wages rise to $30 and hour, America to $20 and hour and Britain to $15 (Richard C. Longworth, Global Squeeze: The Coming Crisis of First-World Nations (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1999), p. 177. Russian wages will increase even greater when benefits are factored in.

2. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 277. Quoting the classics: Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe. (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937) and Eli F. Heckscher’s Mercantilism, 2 vol. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1955).

3. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Origin of The Modern World System, vol. 1 (New York: Academic Press, 1974), pp. 119-20. See also Paul Bairoch’s, Cities and Economic Development From the Dawn of History to the Present (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988). For “plunder-by-trade,” see William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).

4. Christopher Layne, “Rethinking American Grand Strategy,” World Policy Journal, (Summer 1998), pp. 8-28.

5. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Human Development (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1967), p. 279; Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, chapters 6 and 7; George Renard, Guilds of the Middle Ages (New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1968), p. 35; Petr Kropotkin, The State (London: Freedom Press, 1987), p. 41; Dan Nadudere, The Political Economy of Imperialism (London: Zed Books, 1977), p. 186.

6. Barbara Tuchman, The March of Folly (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984), pp. 130-31. For early mercantilist theory see Douglas A. Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996).

7. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 607.

8. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (Fairfield, NJ: Auguatus M.Kelley, 1977), pp. 9-33, 40-45, 56, 71-79, 345, chapters 26, 27.

9. Smith, The Wealth of Nations, pp. 413, 426, 642. For free trade philosophy before Adam Smith, see Michael Perelman, The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation (London: Duke University Press, 2000) and Irwin, Against the Tide, chapter 3.

10. List, National System, pp. 366-370.

11. Ibid, p. 73. Earlier theorists on protection against mercantilists were: Alexander Hamilton, 1791; Adam Muller, 1809; Jean-Antoine Chaptal, 1819 and Charles Dupin, 1827, see Paul Bairoch, Economics and World History: Myths and Parodoxes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

12. Ibid, p. 99.

13. Ibid, pp. xxvii-xxviii, 368-69.

14. Ibid, pp. 73-75.

15. Ibid, p. xxv.

16. Charles A. Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1941), p. 46. See also Michael Barratt Brown, Fair Trade (London: Zed Books, 1993), p. 20.

17. Beard, Economic Interpretation, pp. 46-47, 171, 173.

18. Richard Barnet, The Rockets’ Red Glare: War, Politics and American Presidency (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), p. 40.

19. Philip S. Foner, From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor (New York: International Publishers, 1982), p. 32; Smith, Wealth of Nations, pp. 548-49, Book IV, Chapters VII, VIII; William Appleman Williams, Contours of American History (New York: W.W. Norton amp; Company, 1988), pp. 105-17; Frederic F. Clairmont, The Rise and Fall of Economic Liberalism (Goa India: The Other India Press, 1996), p. 100; James Fallows, “How the World Works,” The Atlantic Monthly. December 1993, p. 42.

20. Williams, Contours of American History, p. 221.

21. Williams, Contours of American History, pp. 192-97, 339-40; List, National System, especially pp. 59-65, 71-89, 92, 342, 421-22; Chapter XI; Herbert Aptheker, The Colonial Era, 2ed. (New York: International Publishers, 1966), pp. 23-24; Barnet, The Rockets’ Red Glare, pp. 40, 60, 68. [1] 34Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation (New York: W.W. Norton amp; Company, 1987), p. 7.

22. “The Three Marketeers,” Time. February 15, 1999, pp. 34-42.

23. Stephen Gill, “The Geopolitics of the Asian Crisis,” Monthly Review (March, 1999), pp. 1-9.

24. Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance (New York: verso, 1999), pp. 104-05.

25. J.W. Smith, The World's Wasted Wealth 2, (Santa Maria, CA: The Institute for Economic Democracy, 1994), pp. 116, 127, 139. Emphasis added.

26. John Gray, False Dawn (New York: The Free Press, 1998), pp. 210-13, 217-18; see also p. 199.

27. Gowan, The Global Gamble, p. 96, see also pp. 95-138 and Richard C. Longworth, Global Squeeze: The Coming Crisis of First-World Nations (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1999), pp. 225, 243.

28. Gray, False Dawn, pp. 217, 224-25.

29. Smith, Economic Democracy, updated and expanded 2edition.

30. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy (Fairfield, NJ: Auguatus M.Kelley, 1977): Clarence Walworth Alvord, The Mississippi Valley in British Politics: A Study of Trade, Land Speculation, and Experiments in Imperialism Culminating in the American Revolution (New York: Russell amp; Russell, 1959); Bairoch, Economics and World History; Correli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (New York: Morrow, 1971); Oscar Theodore Barck, Jr. and Hugh Talmage Lefler, Colonial America, 2ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1968); Samuel Crowther, America Self-Contained (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran amp; Co., 1933); John M. Dobson, Two Centuries of Tariffs: The Background and Emergence of the U.S. International Trade Commission (Washington DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1976); Alfred E. Eckes, Jr., Opening America’s Markets: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); James Thomas Flexner, George Washington: The Forge of Experience (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1965); William J. Gill, Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy (New York: Praeger, 1990); John Steele Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing: The Extraordinary Life and Times of Our National Debt (New York: Walker and Co., 1997); Irwin, Against the Tide; Emory R. Johnson, History of Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States (Washington DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1915); Richard M. Ketchum, ed., The American Heritage Book of the Revolution (New York: American Heritage Publishing, 1971); Michael Kraus, The United States to 1865 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959); John A. Logan, The Great Conspiracy: Its Origin and History, 1732-1775 (New York: A.R Hart amp; Co., 1886); William MacDonald, ed., Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606-1926, 3ed. (New York: MacMillan, 1926); John C. Miller, Origins of the American Revolution (Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1943); Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commanger, Growth of the American Republic, 5ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1959); Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke, Charles Townsend (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964; Gus Stelzer, The Nightmare of Camelot: An Expose of the Free Trade Trojan Horse (Seattle, Wash.: PB publishing, 1994); Peter D.J. Thomas, The Townshend Duties Crisis: The Second Phase of the American Revolution, 1776-1773 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987); Arthur Hendrick Vandenberg, The Greatest American (New York: G.P. Putman’s and Sons, 1921).