Chemical properties of soils

Soils vary greatly in their chemical make-up. This varia­tion is due to the chemical composition of the parent mate­rials and to the climate and plant and animal life under which the soil developed.

Soils contain most, if not all, known elements in vary­ing amounts and many forms. Oxygen, silicon, aluminium, and iron are the most abundant. Rarely, if ever, does a soil show a deficiency of any of these four elements. However, many soils are deficient in several other elements that are critical to plant growth. These elements are referred to as "fertili­zing elements", since they are known to be widely used inar­tificial fertilizers. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three most common. They are constituents of most commer­cial fertilizers, their proportions usually being 5-10-5 and 6-4-4.

A few elements essential in small amounts to many plants are contained in very small quantities in most soils. These have been referred to as trace elements, because the amounts present in the soil can neither be estimated nor determined very accurately.

Soil conditions range from acidity to alkalinity. Acidity and alkalinity are directly opposite conditions of soil. Neu­tral soils are neither acid nor alkaline. Soil water becomes acid by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and by ab­sorbing acid products formed by the decomposition of mineral and organic matter.

In a broad sense, soils in humid climates tend towards acidity, whereas soils in dry climates tend toward alkalinity. Most plants, particularly most cultivated crops, will not tolerate a high degree of either acidity or alkalinity. Since most agriculture is carried on in relatively humid climates acidity is a troublesome and costly problem with many soils. Vast amounts of lime are used to neutralize soil acidity.

Chemically, a soil is acid if a water solution contain; more acid ions (hydrogen) than basic ions (hydroxyl), and v is alkaline if the water solution contains more hydroxyl ion.¹ than hydrogen ions. If a solution contains the same number о hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, it is neutral.

The breaking down of water molecules into ions is known as ionization. As a matter of convenience, the concentration of hydrogen ions is usually expressed symbolically as pH. A pH scale with numbers ranging from 0 to 14 indicates relative concentrations. For example, at pH = 7, the midpoint there are the same number of hydrogen ions and hydrogen ions, and the solution is neutral. Any pH values below indicate the presence of more hydrogen ions, or an acid condition; values above 7 denote the presence of more hydrogen ions, or an alkaline condition.

Soils of different textures may not have the same pH values. The active hydrogen ions are in the water solution and naturally will react first when lime is added. The hydrogen molecules that have not yet ionized are held to the surfaces of the solid particles of clay and organic matter. Since clays and organic matter have large surface areas, the potential acidity would be greater among such fine-textured soils. Sandy soils with a small content of clay and organics would have a lower total acidity than the clay soils. A good appli­cation of lime to these soils may be effective for several years.