Упражнение 65

А. Служебное слово as входит в состав сложного союза as well as, который присоединяет однород­ные члены предложения (в значении "также", "так­же как и") и зависимый причастный оборот (в зна­чении "кроме", "помимо").

Б. Переведите предложения с союзом as well as.

1. Drugs produce harmful as well as beneficial effects, and decisions about when
and how to use them therapeutically always involve the balancing of benefits and
risks.

2. The amount of water lost by the lungs depends on the minute volume of respiration
as well as on the temperature and moisture of the atmospheric air.

3. Plasma transports nutrients, metabolic waste products and chemicals, as well as
hormones and drugs.

4. Most salts and minerals, as well as water, are readily absorbed from all portions
of the small intestine.

5. The lymph vessels from the lower limbs, as well as \hose from the abdominal
organs, unite to form the largest lymph vessel in the body, called the thoracic
duct.

6. The red bone marrow contains mainly the cells responsible for the formation of
leucocytes and erythrocytes as well as the giant cells of the bone marrow — me-
gakaryocytes — which are responsible for production of platelets.

7. Excesses of parathyroid hormone caused by tumour or other pathological processes
can lead to softening or weakening of bones, fractures and deformity, as well as
formation of calcium stones in the urinary tract.

8. The marrow present in some bones is responsible for the formation of red blood
cells as well as the formation of certain kinds of white blood cells.

9. Bile as well as being an aid to digestion provides a means for the excretion of
certain waste products.

10. As well as being a storehouse for food, fatty tissue provides an excellent packing
for delicate organs.

11. As well as proving an external secretion, the pancreas also forms an internal
secretion which is of the very greatest importance to carbohydrate metabolism of
the body.

12. As well as their diagnostic uses, X-rays can also be used in the treatment of
cancerous tissue.

13. Bone lesions commonly occur in the vertebral column, ribs and pelvis, as well as
in the long bones of the arms and legs.

14. A simple cystitis that does not involve the rest of the urinary tract is not as
serious as the descending type in which the kidneys and ureters as well as the
bladder are involved.

Упражнение 66

А. Сравнительная конструкция

as + прилагательное/наречие + as

на русский язык передаётся следующими эквива­лентами:

"столь же", "такой же", "сопоставимый по размеру с...".

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Bones are as strong as steel but much lighter and more flexible.

2. Scapula, or shoulder-blade, is a flat bone, about as large as the flat hand and
fingers.

3. From head to toe, the adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, as large as the
thighbone, and as small as the bones of the ear.

4. Older people do not learn new things as quickly as younger people, but once
something has been learned, they remember it better and more accurately.

5. The brain contains as many nerve cells as there are stars in the universe.

6. Mitosis is a continuous process, which may take as little as 5 minutes or as long
as several hours from start to finish.

7. A person with severe renal disease may lose as much as 20 to 30 g of plasma
proteins in the urine in one day.

8. Places where medical operations are carried out should be kept as germ-free as
possible.

9. If the heart fails to pump as well as it should, the body retains fluid.

10. China is still the only country in the world where the traditional doctor, using
herbal medicine and acupuncture, is as respected as the Western-trained doctor.

11. In order that the food may be retained as long as necessary in the stomach, and
not regurgitate into the oesophagus, or else be passed too quickly into the intestine,
it is provided with two sphincters.

Упражнение

67

А. Служебное слово as входит в состав сравнитель­ной конструкции

times as... as,

(числительное) (прилагательное)

которая имеет значение

"в (...) раз больше/чаще/дольше, чем..."

Например: ten times as many as

в десять раз больше, чем

Б. Переведите предложения со сравнительной кон­струкцией.

1. Skin cancers are twice as common among men as they are among women.

2. Statistics show that men qet into car accidents twice as many as women.

3. Bile leaving the gallbladder is six to ten times as concentrated as that which
comes to it from the liver.

4. The average baby sleeps for twice as long as the average adult. Babies also dream
twice as much as older human.

5. There is almost twice as much calcium in the body as phosphorus and 500 times
as much calcium as iron.

6. Fats supply more than twice as many calories as proteins or carbohydrates; for
this reason they are particularly useful as foods when a large amount of energy is
required.

7. The brain needs ten times as much blood as other organs of the body, as it can't
store glucose for later use.

8. The disease affects men and women about equally in number, but three times as
many women as men develop symptoms severe enough to require medical
attention.

9. Anger-prone people are three times as likely to have heart attacks as more passive
folks.

РАЗДЕЛ 12 Составные предлоги

Упражнение

68

А. Ознакомьтесь со списком составных предлогов и объедините их в синонимичные группы.

according to согласно, в соответствии

along with наряду

as regards что касается, в отношении

as to относительно, что касается

because of из-за, вследствие, благодаря

by means of при помощи, посредством

by virtue of благодаря, в силу, посредством

by way of посредством, при помощи

depending on в зависимости от

despite несмотря на

due to из-за, вследствие, благодаря

in addition в дополнение, кроме

in regard to относительно, что касается

in spite of несмотря на

in view of ввиду

owing to из-за, благодаря

regardless of невзирая на

with regard в отношении, относительно

Б. Переведите предложения, содержащие составные предлоги.

1. Antibodies can be classified according to their mode of action.

2. Artificial respiration is also administered along with other procedures in case of
cardiac arrest.

3. There is no general agreement as to the normal and therapeutic daily require­
ments of vitamin C.

4. There has been a reduction in incidence of secondary amyloidosis (the deposition
of amyloid) in recent years because of the development of drugs that are successful
in controlling infection and suppuration.

5. The only treatment available for this condition is dialysis by means of what is
sometimes called an artificial kidney.

6. Phagocytosis is the property possessed by many animal cells of engulfing particles
by virtue of their power of ameboid movement.

7. Cystitis may result from an ascending infection coming from the exterior of the
body by way of the urethra.

8. There is a variety of medications that may be prescribed for patients with
rheumatoid arthritis depending on the needs and tolerance of the individual
patient.

9. Despite their minute size, the capillaries have a vast total area.

10. Cyanosis can indicate hypoxia due to inadequate numbers of oxygen-bearing
erythrocytes.

11. In addition to the physical effects of general anesthesia, the emotional and
psychological aspects must also be considered.

12. The pH concentration is extremely important in evaluating a patient's status in
regard to states of acidosis and alkalosis.

13. In view of the many functions of the liver, it is essential to identify specific
problems.

14. If untreated, and sometimes in spite of treatment, the joint pathology in rheumatoid
arthritis goes through four stages.

15. The treatment of chronic renal failure is highly complex owing to its impact on
systems throughout the body.

16. Like the cells of other tissues, the white cells occasionally multiply regardless of
the body's needs.

17. With regard to the wandering cells some are certainly non-phagocytic, for instance,
the lymphocytes.

18. As regards the different varieties of phagocytes, a number of cells possess ameboid
properties.

РАЗДЕЛ 13 Многозначность английского глагола

и других частей речи

Упражнение

69

А. Выпишите из словаря значения глагола take с раз­личными предлогами, которые могут придавать глаголу новые значения.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. The human body takes in and absorbs oxygen through the respiratory system.

2. The task of the kidneys is to take out of blood stream waste substances like urea
and uric acid, which are dissolved in water.

3. Alimentary canal is a long tube through which food is taken into the body and
digested.

4. Once surgery is completed, the patient is taken to an intensive care unit, where
the vital signs are carefully monitored. Once out of danger, the patient is taken
to a ward.

5. His leg had to be taken off above the knee.

6. After the plaster is taken off the damaged limb, the muscles need special exercises
to become strong again.

7. The donor heart takes on the pumping function for the recipient.

8. As the fetus grows and develops, the metabolic functions of the placenta are
gradually taken on by the fetal liver.

9. Red blood cells produced in the bone marrow contain the pigment haemoglobin,
which takes up oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues.

10. To stay healthy, people ought to take up exercise.

11. Galen ['geilan] (130 — 200 A.D.) took up his real profession in Alexandria, then
the leading medical school.

12. It is often necessary to use an artificial organ to temporarily take over the functions
of an organ undergoing transplantation surgery.

13. If the spleen has to be surgically removed its functions are taken over by other
organs, such as the liver.

14. When a virus infects a cell, its nucleic acid takes over the cell's metabolism.

15. If the normal pacemaker fails to function, its regulating task may be taken over
by another small mass of special muscular tissue, the atrioventricular node.

Упражнение

70

A. Выпишите из предложений глагол take + существи­
тельное.

Б. Найдите в словаре перевод этих словосочетаний.

Обратите внимание, что в некоторых случаях в за­висимости от существительного значение глагола take может меняться.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. The systemic blood flow can take different routes since the systemic circulation
consists of numerous parallel subcircuits.

2. By its content of immunologically active cells the skin takes part in the defence
mechanisms of the body.

3. Liver transplant involves taking a part of the liver from a close relative of the
patient and implanting it in the patient.

4. The process of mastication and the beginning of swallowing takes place in the
mouth.

5. Since carbon monoxide combines more readily with hemoglobin than does oxygen,
it takes the place of oxygen in the erythrocytes and the tissues are thus deprived
of their normal oxygen supply.

6. When bone cells take the place of all of the cartilage in the growth plate, the
bone stops growing longer.

7. If breathing and circulation are not restored within four to six minutes irrever­
sible brain damage occurs and "biological death" takes place.

8. The physician takes blood samples to determine such things as the sugar content,
the urea content, or the inorganic-ion composition of blood since these show
characteristic changes in disease.

9. When changes in mental ability occur they may take the form of lapses of memory,
mental sluggishness, or loss of initiative.

10. Some doctors take the view that middle-aged sportsmen should be warned of the
health risks they are running, so that they might moderate their sporting activities.

11. As in any biological system, structure and function of the vessels are so closely
related that one cannot be discussed without the other's being taken into account.

12. A comprehensive diagnosis of heart trouble must take into consideration the
factors which produce the disease, the amount of organic or structural damage,
and the functional reserve left in the heart muscle.

13. Infection, foreign bodies and local blood flow may each take its toll on the
healing process.

14. The aging process also takes its toll on the skin as well as other organs.

15. The body's joints are amazing contraptions. When they work well, we take them
for granted.

16. Like Descartes [dei'ka:t] (1596-1650) before him, Bernard [ba:nard] (1813 —
1878) took nothing for granted, but trusted logical conclusions drawn from proven
facts.

17. Since silicosis is a serious disease, those who must work near silica should take
precautions to breathe as little of it as possible.

18. Residency training in the US takes from 3 to 7 years, depending upon the field of
specialization. This training takes place in a hospital where a resident takes care
for patients under the supervision of specialists. After completing the training
physicians take an examination.

Упражнение 71

A. Найдите ядро каждого предложения и выпишите
сказуемое, выраженное глаголом с предлогом в
страдательном залоге.

Б. Пользуясь словарём, найдите перевод этих глаго­лов в сочетании с предлогами. Например: is brought about - в предложении

bring about - в словаре

(в словаре приводится глагол в форме инфинити­ва в действительном залоге).

B. Переведите предложения.

1. Haemophilia is passed on by a woman to her son.

2. The neutralization of acid chyme is brought about by the carbonates in the bile.

3. After the food leaves the stomach it is acted on by several digestive enzymes.

4. The work and structure of all cells are mainly carried out by a group of highly
variable complex chemicals, proteins.

5. Most patients with a myocardial infarction are cared for in a coronary care units
during the acute stage.

6. When there is an outbreak of plague, strict quarantine measures are called for.

7. During heavy exercise the lungs are frequently called upon to absorb up to 20
times as much oxygen into the blood as they normally do.

8. A cell that has been infected by a virus begins to produce the proteins that are
called for by the nucleic acid of the virus.

9. As the fetus grows and develops, the metabolic functions of the placenta are
gradually taken on by the fetal liver.

10. If the spleen has to be surgically removed its functions are taken over by other
organs, such as the liver.

11. As a result of recent progress in the methods of brain surgery, many cases of
brain tumor can now be operated on successfully.

12. Hypertension is a chronic health problem that must be dealt with for the rest of
the patient's life.

13. An acute abscess can be dealt with by opening and draining when it has reached
the stage where sufficient pus has been formed.

14. Aphasic patients should be spoken to slowly, distinctly, and in a normal tone.

15. Any increase in distortion or blurred vision should be immediately reported and
followed up by an urgent outpatient exam.

16. If even a minor respiratory infection develops, the patient is subject to a rapidly
developing state of acute acidosis because the lungs cannot be depended upon
to remove more than a minimal amount of CO₂.

17. The study was carried out according to a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-
controlled, parallel-group design.

Упражнение 72

A. Слово one может:

1) иметь значение "один";

2) выполнять функцию формального подлежаще­
го (иногда формального дополнения);

3) использоваться в роли слова-заменителя во
избежание повторения существительного
(см. упр. 75).

Определите, какое значение имеет слово one в предложениях.

Б. На русский язык one в функции формального подлежащего либо не переводится, либо перево­дится с использованием обобщающих слов: "человек", "каждый", "все".

Например: One must know...

Необходимо знать...

If one is hungry...

Если человек голоден,...

B. Переведите предложения.

1. One should take care of one's health.

2. One should control the diet by limiting foods high in cholesterol.

3. A varicose vein is one which is so dilated that the valves do not close to prevent
backward flow of blood.

4. In the case of gastritis, one usually experiences a painful burning sensation in the
digestive tract.

5. The knee is a complex hinge joint, one of the largest joints of the body, and one
that sustains great pressure.

6. Direct transfusions in which blood from one person is directly transferred to
another person is now rarely used.

7. Pneumonia once was a common cause of death and killed one out of four victims.
106

8. The bones of the am are connected to the axial skeleton by way of two pairs of
bones in the upper torso, one in front and one in back.

9. If one is hungry, the rate of salivary flow increases quickly at the sight, smell, or
even thought of food.

10. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins, which increase one's sense of
well-being, improve circulation, and help prevent osteoporosis.

11. Most adenomas affect only one of the pair of adrenal glands and therefore can be
removed surgically without depriving the patient of a sufficient supply of adrenal
cortical hormones.

12. It is possible to prevent pneumonia in many susceptible persons by being aware
of factors that predispose one to the disease and by taking precautions.

13. When one swallows, the rear of the soft palate swings up against the back of the
pharynx and blocks the passage of food and air to the nose.

14. When one sniffs, air currents carrying molecules of odorous chemicals enter
special compartments called olfactory chambers, where the chemicals are dissolved
in mucus.

Упражнение 73

A. Слово that может:

1) быть указательным местоимением "тот", "та",
"то";

2) вводить придаточные предложения:

а) определительные - в значении "который",

б) дополнительные - в значении "что",

в) подлежащие - в значении "то, что",

г) сказуемые - в значении "то, что";

3) использоваться в роли слова-заменителя во
избежание повторения существительного
(см. упр. 76).

Б. Определите, какое значение имеет слово that в следующих предложениях.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. Exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs is called external respiration
and that between the blood and the cells internal respiration.

2. In neutropenia (an abnormal reduction in the number of circulating granulocytes)
severe infection develops that leads to tissue necrosis.

3. Doctors say that women are far more likely than men to experience sleep diffi­
culties of all kinds.

4. Biochemical reactions produce heat, and that heat is retained in the water that
accounts for nearly 66% of the body weight.

5. The quantity of blood flowing through the lungs is essentially equal to that
flowing through the systemic circulation.

6. The total volume of water alone that enters the alimentary canal during an average
day is about seven liters, compared with an average consumption of perhaps two
liters.

7. The respiratory muscles may be used in various combinations depending on the
volume of air that must be moved into or out of the system.

8. Each lung is surrounded by the pleura. That part of the membrane which is
adherent to the lung is known as the visceral pleura, and that part which lines the
inner surface of the chest wall as the parietal pleura.

9. Unlike that of the small intestine, the mucosa of the large intestine does not have
villi.

10. Unlike that of an animal cell, the cell membrane of a typical plant cell is covered
with a protective wall of cellulose.

11. The fact that a person suffering from shook has large amounts of histamine in the
blood suggests that histamine also plays a role in this condition, but its presence
may be an incidental side effect.

12. That advanced age is not decisive in the development of atherosclerosis emerges
from the fact that myocardial infarction and other atherosclerotic manifestations
often develop in man in early middle age.

Упражнение 74

A. Слово both может употребляться самостоятельно
в значении "оба"или в конструкции с союзом and:

"both... and..." со значением "как, так и...".

Б. Найдите, в каком предложении слово both имеет самостоятельное значение, а в каком оно исполь­зуется в сочетании с союзом and.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. The red corpuscles are shaped like disks, both sides of which are concave.

2. Bacteria are both useful and harmful to humans.

3. Both very high blood pressure and very low blood pressure can be dangerous to
health.

4. Some of the cranial nerves are both sensory and motor; i.e. they control motion as
well as conduct sensory impulses.

5. The heart is well supplied with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

6. All drugs can cause both wanted and unwanted effects on the body.

7. Nucleus and cytoplasm are both essential to the life of the cell.

8. The nucleus controls both the chemical reactions that occur in the cell and
reproduction of the cell.

9. Rheumatoid arthritis commonly appears simultaneously in several joints, usually
on both sides of the body — that is, both wrists, shoulders, ankles or knees.

10. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves both as the organ of

smell and as a means of bringing air into the lungs. 108

11. The spleen is an organ of dual nature, belonging to both the blood-vascular and
lymphatic system.

12. Spinal column forms an important part of the skeleton, acting both as the rigid
pillar which supports the upper parts of the body and as protection to the spinal
cord and nerves arising from it.

13. Harvey ['ha:vi:] (1869 — 1939), a pioneer of brain surgery, was both a distinguished
scientist and one of the most skilful of surgical technicians — a rare combination
but essential to his chosen speciality.

14. The muscles help to regulate the physico-chemical state of the internal environment
both directly as in a case of cardiac muscle which pumps the blood round the
body and also indirectly as in case of the muscles of movement which help to
defend the body against the external environment and bring it food.

РАЗДЕЛ 14 Слова-заменители

Упражнение 75

A. Проанализируйте предложения и найдите, какие
существительные заменены словами one и ones.

Слова-заменители употребляются в английском предложении, чтобы избежать повторения суще­ствительного, упомянутого дважды.

Б. На русский язык слова one и ones либо не перево­дятся, либо используется повтор заменяемого су­ществительного.

Например:

Cardiovascular system is a dynamic one. Сердечно-сосудистая система - это динамичная си­стема.

As the body changes from a state of rest to one of activity, its requirements alter. По мере того, как организм переходит от пассив­ного состояния к активному, его потребности ме­няются.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. Cancer cells differ from healthy ones in various ways.

2. Epidermic cells divide forming new ones.

3. An acute abscess is one which develops rapidly within the course of a few days or
hours.

4. There are many causes of pancreatitis, but the most prominent ones are alcohol
abuse and gall stones.

5. The left coronary artery is generally larger than the right one.

6. The auricles are receiving chambers of the heart and the ventricles distributing
ones.

7. A tumor is initiated by the transformation of a normal cell into one that escapes
the host's usual control on growth and differentiation.

8. Since the role of minerals is a regulatory one, only relatively small amounts of
them are needed by the body.

9. Tooth decay can be reduced by limiting the intake of certain forms of sugar,
especially highly concentrated ones such as candy or rich desserts.

10. The neuron can be converted from a resting, or inactive, cell to one that conducts
an electrical impulse in just a few thousandths of a second.

11. An embolus from the clot in the right side of the heart becomes lodged in the
lung, while one from the left side may lodge in any other organ, most commonly
in the brain.

12. As water forms about 60% of the body weight of man it is very obvious that the
part it plays in metabolism must be an important one.

13. The remarkable fact that the blood is able to maintain a reaction which is alkaline
and one which varies only within narrow limits is due to the buffers of the blood.

14. Simple microscopes — ones with only one lens — are really no more than the
magnifying glasses.

Упражнение 76

A. Проанализируйте предложения и найдите, какие
существительные заменяются словами that и those.

Слова-заменители используются в английском язы­ке для того, чтобы избежать повторения в одном предложении существительного или группы слов, упоминаемых дважды.

Б. В русском предложении вместо слов that и those, как правило, используется повтор упомянутого существительного, либо оно не переводится.

Например:

The digestive action of the stomach secretion is much more powerful than that of the saliva. Пищеварительное действие желудочного секрета значительно сильнее, чем действие слюны.

Old people's bones are more fragile than those of adolescents.

Кости у пожилых людей более хрупкие, чем у мо­лодых.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. In humans, the sense of smell is relatively underdeveloped when compared to
that of the dog, for example, which depends on it to a far greater extent.

2. People living in tropical climates have lower metabolic rates than those living in
cold regions.

3. The walls of the veins are thinner than those of corresponding arteries.

4. Stones in the gall bladder vary from the site of a small seed to that of a lemon.

5. Lymphatic glands vary much in size, from that of microscopic masses to that of
large beans.

6. The medullary hormones increase the activity of all body cells including those
not supplied with sympathetic nerve fibres.

7. A continuous supply of oxygen is reguired by living cells, in particular those of
the brain since deprivation is followed in minutes by unconsciousness and death.

8. Structurally lymph vessels are similar to veins and blood capillaries but the pores
in the walls of the lymph capillaries are larger than those of the blood capillaries.

9. There is growing evidence for exercise as an important part of the prevention and treatment of back problems for those suffering from either chronic or acute back pain.

10. Blood flowing in the hepatic portal system is guite different from that in other
systemic veins, because the hepatic portal vessels contain substances absorbed
by the stomach and intestines.

11. In recent years there has been extensive research into the body's ability to
differentiate between cells, organisms, and other substances that are self, and
therefore not alien to the body, and those that are not self and therefore must be
eliminated.

12. Unlike that of other animals, the skull of humans is balanced above the vertebral
column, allowing an upright posture.

Упражнение 77

A. Проанализируйте предложения и найдите, какие
существительные заменены словами the former -
"первый из выше упомянутых" и the latter -
"последний из выше упомянутых".

Б. Слова the former и the latter либо переводятся как указано выше, либо используется повтор существи­тельного, которое они заменяют.

Например:

Muscular tissue is divided, according to its function, into two main groups, voluntary muscles and involuntary muscles, of which the former is under control of will, whilst the latter discharges its functions independently. По своей функции мышечная ткань делится на две основные группы: произвольные мышцы и непро­извольные мышцы: причём первая группа подчи­няется волевому контролю, а вторая группа мышц выполняет свои функции независимо от него.

The skin consists of two main parts: an outer layer,

the epidermis, and an inner layer, the dermis. On the

surface of the latter are sensitive papillae.

Кожа состоит из двух основных частей: наружного

слоя, эпидермиса, и внутреннего слоя, дермы. На

поверхности дермы расположены чувствительные

сосочки.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. The main difference between the veins and the arteries is in the comparative
weakness of the middle coat of the former.

2. The work of the left side of the heart is greater than that of the right, since the
former has to drive the blood all over the body, while the latter has only to force
it to the lungs, which are near by.

3. As the bones of a child are composed to the extent of about two-thirds of fibrous
tissue, whilst those of the aged contain one-third, the toughness of the former
and brittleness of the latter are evident.

4. Water is lost through the skin by two processes differentiated as "insensible" and
"sensible" perspiration, the former referring to evaporation of invisible water and
the latter to removal of an accumulated film of visible water.

5. The brain is often compared to a computer. One of the major differences between
brains and computers is the reliance of the latter on but one kind of signal
(electrical impulses) for communicating among their components.

6. There are two main types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. The former gives
rise to daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The latter gives rise to
egg and sperm cells, which differ from their parent cells.

7. The mineral of teeth differs from the mineral of bones in that the former contains
a small but significant quantity of fluoride ions in place of some of the hydroxyl
ions.

РАЗДЕЛ 15 Устойчивые словосочетания

Упражнение 78

А. Конструкция nо longer представляет собой устой­чивое сочетание и обычно переводится на русский язык словами "больше не".

Б. Переведите предложения с данной конструкцией.

1. Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body no longer uses sugar properly.

2. Artificial respiration is a technique to provide air to an individual whose respiratory
muscles are no longer functioning.

3. Many scientists no longer see cancer as caused by a single agent but by a
combination of factors.

4. Scarlet fever is no longer considered to be a very serious illness.

5. A skeletal muscle fiber is said to be fatigued when it can no longer contract
despite continued neural stimulation.

6. A person can be vaccinated by injecting dead organisms that are no longer
capable of causing disease but which still have their chemical antigens.

I. When calcium is deposited in the ground substance of cartilage it is no longer
cartilage but bone.

8. A group of substances which decrease blood capillary fragility, called the vitamin
P group, are no longer considered to be vitamins.

9. Though the skin is normally impregnable to infectious agents, this no longer
holds true when the skin is broken.

10. Because boric acid is highly poisonous when taken internally, and since other antiseptics are more effective, boric acid is no longer recommended.

II. Those persons who no longer have a functioning spleen, either as a result of
splenectomy or because of a destructive disease process, are at very high risk for
the development of life-threatening infections.

12. When a number of valves no longer function efficiently, the blood collects in the veins, which gradually become swollen and more distended.

Упражнение

79

А. Конструкция rather than представляет собой ус­тойчивое сочетание и обычно переводится на рус­ский язык словами "а не".

Б. Переведите предложения с данной конструкцией.

1. Diagnosis, rather than treatment, is usually the main focus of the activities of
pathologists.

2. A diagnosis of hypertension should be based on a series of readings rather than
a single measurements that could be influenced by emotional state or physical
activity.

3. To homeopaths, illness is seen as a sign of disharmony or imbalance in the body's
normal working, so they try to resolve underlying problem rather than simply
dealing with symptoms.

4. Hippocrates [hi'pokra'ti:z] (a. 400 B.C.) believed that patients should be treated
using scientific methods rather than trusting in magic or religious beliefs.

5. It is from the lymph rather than from the blood that tissues receive their nourishment
and into it they excrete their waste products.

Упражнение

80

А. В конструкции used to + V, выполняющей функцию сказуемого, used означает, что действие, выра­женное инфинитивом, носило обычный или регу­лярный характер в прошлом. На русский язык used переводится вводными словами "раньше", "обыч­но", "бывало".

Б. Переведите предложения с данной конструкцией.

1. People used to tell time by the sun.

2. People are living longer today than they used to.

3. Malaria used to be a more common disease than it is today, and many people
died from it.

4. Nowadays there are far fewer deaths from typhoid than there used to be.

5. Many people who used to eat meat regularly are now avoiding it.

6. Vegetarians used to be regarded as very strange but vegetarianism is now becoming
much more popular in Britain.

7. The hospital records used to be kept on a card index, but have been transferred
to the computer.

8. There are several kinds of sensation. The old classification used to be that there
were five senses.

9. A severe form of this type of anaemia, known as chlorosis, used to be common,
but it is seldom seen nowadays.

10. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent
part of the body.

11. Women are much more knowledgeable than they used to be about pregnancy
and the birth process.

12. Surgical removal of the tonsils and adenoids is done much less than it used to be,
but it still has a place in the treatment of recurrent sore throat in childhood when
the tonsils are obviously unhealthy.

13. Scientists used to believe that adult brains did not grow any new neurons, but it
has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brain of adult rats, birds and
even humans.

14. Addiction used to be defined in terms of the severity of the withdrawal. Then the
idea of the three Cs was coined: Compulsion, less of Control and Continued use.

15. Many people used to take natural resources for granted. We have wasted many
of those resources and caused thousands of hectares of land to become useless.

16. A hundred years ago people used to eat on average a kilo of sugar each year.
Now we eat a kilo a week.

17. The cooperation of industry, labor, and government in developing various protective
measures has made silicosis a much less common disease today than it used to
be.

18. Scientists used to think that adult illnesses like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular
disease and breast cancer were the result of either unhealthy living or bad genes.
No longer. New research suggests that these conditions may have their roots
before birth.

19. Infectious diseases used to be the most serious health problem, but work by
Pasteur [pa:s'ta:] and Lister ['hsta] in the 19th century helped to reduce them.

20. People used to believe that medical help was necessary only when they became
ill. It is now widely recognised that preventive medicine has an important role to
play in maintaining the health of the population at large.

РАЗДЕЛ 16 Перевод сложных определений

Упражнение 81

А. Найдите в предложениях существительные, к ко­торым относятся выделенные сложные определе­ния. В случае если определение не имеет парал­лели в русском языке, оно переводится либо раз­вёрнутым определением, либо придаточным пред­ложением.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Some physicians also prescribe a high-protein diet to compensate for the protein
lost in the urine.

2. This two-way exchange takes place across the placental membrane, which is
semi-permeable.

3. Rubella is a mild systemic disease caused by a virus which is also called three-
day measles.

4. The retina is composed of light-sensitive neurons arranged in three layers.

5. Hypoglycemia is a lower-than normal level of glucose in the blood.

6. Low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight infants are particularly susceptible
to infections because their immunologic system is deficient.

7. Placebo is an inactive substance or less-than-effective dose of a harmless substance
prescribed and administered as if it were an effective dose of a needed drug.

8. Untreated, the pain that accompanies all-too-common ailments such as arthritis,
cancer and neurological disorders can slow recovery and severely impair a person's
quality of life.

9. Through the one-cell-layer-thick walls of capillaries oxygen and nutrients are
passed from arterioles to body tissue.

10. At a biochemical level, caffeine increases levels of catecholamines, the neuro-
transmitters involved in the fight-or-flight response.

11. Medicines are divided into two main classes: prescription medicines and over-
the-counter medicines.

12. Microorganisms provide easy-to-work-with material for studying the complex
processes of life, e.g. metabolism.

13. Face is the most-looked-at part of anybody's body.

14. An as-yet-undefined relationship exists between asthma and the emotions.

15. There is no as-yet-successful treatment for curing this disorder.

16. Various not-yet-fully-understood factors may result in acute pancreatitis.

17. Skin care is important, especially for infants and not-yet-toilet-trained toddlers.

18. Doctors recommend the early-to-bed-early-to-rise routine.