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Part one the English word as a structureСтр 1 из 89Следующая ⇒ И. В. АРНОЛЬД Лексикология современного английского языка Издание третье, переработанное и дополненное Допущено Министерством высшего и среднего специального
Москва «Высшая школа» 1986 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 84
Рецензент: кафедра английской филологии Оренбургского государственного педагогического института им. В. П. Чкалова (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук Н. А. Шехтман) Арнольд И. В. А 84 Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1986. — 295 с., ил. — На англ. яз. Учебник посвящен слову как основной единице языка, его семантической и морфологической структуре, особенностям английского словообразования и фразеологии. Английская лексика рассматривается как непрерывно развивающаяся система. В 3-м издании (2-е—1973 г.) обновлен теоретический и иллюстративный материал, расширены главы, посвященные теории слова и семасиологии. А 4602010000—443 ББК 81.2 Англ-923 001(01)—86 215-86 4И (Англ) Издательство «Высшая школа», 1973 Издательство «Высшая школа», 1986, с изменениями CONTENTS Preface................................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations....................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1. Fundamentals........................................................................................ 9 § 1.1 The Object of Lexicology........................................................................... 9 § 1.2 The Theoretical and Practical Value of English Lexicology.... 12 § 1.3 The Connection of Lexicology with Phonetics, Stylistics, Grammar and Other Branches of Linguistics............................................................ 14 § 1.4 Types of Lexical Units................................................................................ 18 § 1.5 The Notion of Lexical System................................................................... 21 § 1.6 The Theory of Oppositions......................................................................... 25 Part One THE ENGLISH WORD AS A STRUCTURE Chapter 2. Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language... 27 § 2.1 The Definition of the Word................................................................................. 27 § 2.2 Semantic Triangle........................................................................................ 31 § 2.3 Phonetic, Morphological and Semantic Motivation of Words.... 33 Chapter 3. Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words... 37 § 3.1 Definitions............................................................................................................... 37 § 3.2 The Lexical Meaning Versus Notion................................................................. 42 § 3.3 Denotative and Connotative Meaning............................................................. 47 § 3.4 The Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words............................................. 50 § 3.5 Contextual Analysis.................................................................................... 56 § 3.6 Componential Analysis.............................................................................. 57 Chapter 4. Semantic Change........................................................................................... 60 § 4.1 Types of Semantic Change........................................................................ 60 § 4.2 Linguistic Causes of Semantic Change............................................................. 71 § 4.3 Extralinguistic Causes of Semantic Change..................................................... 73 Chapter 5. Morphological Structure of English Words. Affixation.................. 77 § 5.1 Morphemes. Free and Bound Forms. Morphological Classification of Words. Word-Families................................................................................. 77 § 5.2 Aims and Principles of Morphemic and Word-Formation Analysis.. 81 § 5.3 Analysis into Immediate Constituents...................................................... 83 § 5.4 Derivational and Functional Affixes......................................................... 87 § 5.5 The Valency of Affixes and Stems. Word-Building Patterns and Their Meaning......................................................................................................... 90 § 5.6 Classification of Affixes............................................................................. 96 § 5.7 Allomorphs........................................................................................................... 101 § 5.8 Boundary Cases Between Derivation, Inflection and Composition.. 102 § 5.9 Combining Forms......................................................................................... 104 § 5.10 Hybrids......................................................................................................... 106 Chapter 6. Compound Words................................................................................. 108 § 6.1 Definitions and Introductory Remarks.......................................................... 108 § 6.2.1 The Criteria of Compounds..................................................................... 112
§ 6.2.2 Semi-Affixes............................................................................................... 116 § 6.2.3 “The Stone Wall Problem"....................................................................... 118 § 6.2.4 Verbal Collocations of the Give Up Type............................................. 120 § 6.3 Specific Features of English Compounds....................................................... 121 § 6.4.1 Classification of Compounds........................................................................ 122 § 6.4.2 Compound Nouns........................................................................................... 123 § 6.4.3 Compound Adjectives.................................................................................... 125 § 6.4.4 Compound Verbs............................................................................................ 126 § 6.5 Derivational Compounds.................................................................................. 127 § 6.6 Reduplication and Miscellanea of Composition........................................... 129 § 6.6.1 Reduplicative Compounds............................................................................ 129 § 6.6.2 Ablaut Combinations............................................................................... 130 § 6.6.3 Rhyme Combinations..................................................................................... 130 § 6.7 Pseudo Compounds...................................................................................... 131 § 6.8 The Historical Development of English Compounds................................... 131 § 6.9 New Word-Forming Patterns in Composition.......................................... 133 Chapter 7. Shortened Words and Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions.............. 134 § 7.1 Shortening of Spoken Words and Its Causes........................................... 134 § 7.2 Blending.......................................................................................................... 141 § 7.3 Graphical Abbreviations. Acronyms.......................................................... 142 § 7.4 Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions. Sound Interchange..................... 145 § 7.5 Distinctive Stress.................................................................................................. 147 § 7.6 Sound Imitation................................................................................................... 148 § 7.7 Back-Formation................................................................................................... 150 Chapter 8. Conversion and Similar Phenomena......................................................... 153 § 8.1 Introductory Remarks........................................................................................ 153 § 8.2 The Historical Development of Conversion............................................. 155 § 8.3 Conversion in Present-Day English............................................................ 156 § 8.4 Semantic Relationships in Conversion...................................................... 158 § 8.5 Substantivation.............................................................................................. 161 § 8.6 Conversion in Different Parts of Speech................................................... 162 § 8.7 Conversion and Other Types of Word-Formation.................................. 163 Chapter 9. Set Expressions.............................................................................................. 165 § 9.1 Introductory Remarks. Definitions............................................................ 165 § 9.2 Set Expressions, Semi-Fixed Combinations and Free Phrases.... 166 Changeable and Unchangeable Set Expressions................................... 166 § 9.3 Classification of Set Expressions...................................................................... 169 § 9.4 Similarity and Difference between a Set Expression and a Word. 174 § 9.5 Features Enhancing Unity and Stability of Set Expressions.... 177 § 9.6 Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.............................. 179
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