Christopher Wren

It was in 1666 that Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723) was appointed Surveyor- General, and principal architect for rebuilding the City of London after the Great Fire, and in 1667 he became Surveyor – General of the Royal Works at the age of thirty-five. Mr. Wren had already achieved European fame as an astronomer and mathematician. For some years he had dabbed in architecture, and in 1662 had designed the Sheldonian Theatre, a building more remarkable for its constructional and acoustical properties than for its architectural attraction.

Wren had produced plans for the rebuilding of the City after the Fire, and had presented them to the King. Unfortunately this plan wasn’t implemented and a great opportunity was lost.

For the next 38 years Wren was kept busy rebuilding the city churches, of which 35 are attributed to him, and with St.Paul’s Cathedrale.

Even before the Fire he had prepared designs for remodeling the cathedral, largely on the lines of the existing building. This design received the royal warrant in 1675, and the last stone is believed to have been laid in 1710. Wren got over the difficulty of satisfying both interior and exterior appearances by using a double dome separated by a structural brick cone which carried the lantern. The exterior wall is thus high enough to dominate the building without giving too well – like an effect inside.

St.Paul exhibits a handling of mass and detail, light and shade, which puts it in the front rank of English building. It is in the Grand manner, sometimes called Baroque, largely conceived yet neither overpowering in scale nor ostentatious in details.

Of other buildings designed by Wren the best known are Hampton Court Palace, Chelsea and Greenwich Hospitals, and some ranges in the Temple.

During Wren’s lifetime classical design became firmly established, and was adopted almost everywhere, not only by architects but also by working masons and carpenters, whose skill became known even on the continent.

3. Read the text again and answer the questions:

1. When was Christopher Wren appointed Surveyor-General?

2. Why did he become a principal architect?

3. Was he famous only as an architect?

4. Did he manage to realize his plans for the rebuilding of the City after the Fire? Why?

5. How did Christopher Wren rebuild the cathedral?

6. What other buildings designed by Wren do you know?

4. Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false.

1. The Sheldonian Theatre was a building more remarkable for its architectural attraction than for its constructional and acoustical properties.

2. Wren’s plans for the rebuilding of the City after the Fire weren’t implemented.

3. Christopher Wren wasn’t allowed to rebuild the cathedral.

4. St.Paul’s Cathedral is in the Grand manner, called Baroque.

5. Classical design was adopted only by architects.

5. Match the words from the text with their definitions:

Astronomer a person qualified to design buildings and to superintend their erection;

Architect a person skilled in woodwork;

Carpenter a person skilled in building with stone;

Mathematician a scientist who studies astronomy;

Mason an expert or specialist in mathematics.

TEXT№2

1. Discuss these questions with your partner:

· Do you have any idea where the word economics comes from?

· Do you know the names of any famous economists from the past or anything about their ideas?

2. Read the text and check your answers.