Read the dialogue and act it out using the conversational formulas

1. How did you get on?

2. What do you mean?

3. I see what you mean.

4. It only goes to show that.

5. I was struck by...

6. What struck me most...

7. I was impressed by...

8. I think what you say is true.

Mrs. Barker and Mr. Atkins, two university teachers of English, meet a friend of theirs, Mr. Stein, who has just returned from a study trip to England.

Atkins: Well, how did you get on?

Stein: Very well. I got around quite a lot and met lots of interesting people. They were not very much like the conventional picture of English people.

Barker: What do you mean?

Stein: Well, you know every nation has a stereotyped reputation of some kind or another. The French are supposed to be sophisticated, intelligent people, fond of good food and the opposite sex. At the same time it is often said that they are intolerant, excitable and somewhat unpredictable.

Barker: I see what you mean. The Americans are said to be energetic, hospitable, generous and sociable, but rather boastful, naive and showy.

Atkins: And the Italians are supposed to be affectionate, impulsive, talkative, jealous and superstitious.

Stein: Yes, that is the kind of thing I had in mind. The English have the reputation of being practical, sensible, tolerant, rather conservative in dress and eating habits, but rather formal, snobbish, reserved and unsociable. And condescending towards foreigners but...

Barker: You took the words out of my mouth but I think these stereotyped ideas are very misleading.

Stein: Yes, very few of the people I met fitted in with the popular image of the typical Englishmen.

Read and put four parts of the text into the correct order.

BRITISH MANNERS

d) But all this does not mean that English people are rude or have no manners. It only means that they have a different style of politeness. It is more a matter of improvisation than of following a strict code of rules. In his own way the average Englishman is considerate and helpfull. Foreigners are very often impressed by the disciplined and good-humoured way in which English people queue up. But if the bus is late or full up, they can get very impatient and irritable.

a) In any case we may come to the conclusion that national reputations are simply a matter of prejudice and false generalizations. But there is no denying that national differences in manners and outlook really do exist. They arise out of the specific economic, political and cultural development of each country.

b) Oftentimes people say that the Englishmen are very conservative as far as clothes are concerned. That may be partly true as far as the older generation is concerned, but young people dress in a very imaginative, unconventional way. There is an incredible variety of styles which seems to co-exist, which was almost impossible twenty years ago. And it goes to show how quickly such permanent national characteristics can change.

c) Manners in Great Britain are more informal than in some other countries. English people do not shake hands or exchange formal greetings when they meet friends or acquaintances, children are not taught to shake hands or to bow, and first names are widely used, even amongst people who have known each other for only a short time. Some people are struck by the fact that Englishmen do not help women on and off with their coats or pull out chairs for them in restaurants. People never say anything before starting a meal and if you ask for a light they very often simply hand you a box of matches or a lighter.

SECTION 5

AMERICA, JAPAN, GERMANY, RUSSIA

Read the texts about America, Japan, Germany and Russia. Discuss with your partner if you agree or disagree with the author.

Draw up a list of eight tips about social behaviour in the countries using the content of the texts and your own experience. Make a list of ideas under the folloing headings:

* addressing people

* meeting and greeting

* gestures

* public behavior

* an invitation to someone’s house

* at a meal

* dress code

* other important dos and don’ts

AMERICAN STEREOTYPES

Most Americans would have a hard time telling you, specifically, values Americans live by. The reason is that Americans believe, there is no definitive list of American values that each individual is so unique that the same list of characteristics could never apply to all or even most citizens. Despite this belief here is a list of a few values that could be applicable to most Americans.

Informality

• Americans are one of the most informal and casual groups of people in the world.

• Bosses sometimes urge their employees to call them by their first names and are

uncomfortable being called "Mr." or "Mrs.". Dress is also very informal and can be at times shocking for people from other cultures.

• Americans are also informal in their greetings as discussed above.

Materialism

Many cultures view Americans as extremely materialistic and attached to their worldly possessions, while American tend to view them as the natural benefits of their hard work paying off.

But by any standard Americans are very materialistic and value and collect more possessions that most people could ever dream of.

Most people consider Americans to be outgoing, wealthy, generous, impolite, loud, boastful, immature, extravagant, wasteful, ignorant of other cultures/countries, always in a hurry.

Keep in Mind

People from other cultures may think Americans are disrespectful because of their short greetings. They seldom use personal titles. They almost always use the person's first name. They ask immediately if you're married or how many children you have. Americans talk all the time and are seldom still. Americans are too direct and blunt.

Cultural Hints

Greetings

• Americans are very friendly. They tend to greet each other with a smile, sometimes a handshake, and a friendly "Hello, how are you?", which is not a question about your health, or "What's up?". Such a greeting is very common, and does not always require an answer.

• If an American friend greets you with "Hi, what's going on?" and walks away, do not feel offended, it is a popular way of greeting.

• The common phrase "See you later" is not an invitation for a visit, but a way to say "Good bye".

Gifts

• As a rule, gifts are given to relatives and close friends and are sometimes given to people with whom one has a casual but friendly relationship, such as a host or hostess, but it is not necessary or even common for gifts to be given to such people.

• Gifts are not usually given to teachers or others who hold official positions.

Time

• Americans are very time-conscious and place high value on promptness.

• Buses, trains, meetings and classes generally start on time.

• If you are going to be more than five or 10 minutes late for work, a meeting, or an appointment, you should telephone to let the other party know you will be late.

Public Behaviour

• A handshake is the customary greeting for both men and women, although you should wait and see if a woman offers her hand.

• Apart from greeting close family members or friends, Americans tend to refrain from greetings that involve hugging and other close physical contact. For the most part, they are unreceptive to being touched during conversation and other social situations.

• The standard space between you and your conversation partner should be about two to three feet. Most executives will be uncomfortable standing at a closer distance.

• Direct eye contact conveys that you are sincere, although it should not be too intense. Certain ethnic groups will look away to show respect.

• Friends or acquaintances of the same sex generally do not hold hands.

• The backslap should be interpreted as a sign of friendship or camaraderie.

• Smoking is not as commonplace and is subject to restrictions in most public places.

Before smoking, the best policy is to ask if anyone minds, or wait and see if others smoke.

Restaurants often have a section where smoking is permitted.

The cities of Tempe and Mesa have banned smoking within any public building.

• When sitting, Americans tend to look very relaxed. They may sometimes sit with the ankle of one leg on their knee.

Dress Code

• For the first meeting, you cannot go wrong if you dress conservatively.

• In the U.S. business culture, dress tends to vary. Executives in most regions of the country, however, usually dress quite formally.

Do

wear business suits or dresses.

keep skirt/dress length mid-thigh or longer.

wear closed shoes.

accessorize fashionably but modestly.

conceal tattoos.

Don't

wear jeans.

wear revealing clothing.

wear strapless, thinly strapped shirts.

wear inappropriate/distracting skirt length.

excessive jewelry.

JAPANESE STEREOTYPES

For a foreigner, an attempt to understand what exactly is correct etiquette in the Japanese society can often seem to be an almost impossible task. There are so many different codes of behaviour for so many occasions, that the choice is bewildering.

Once you have spent some time in Japan, and formed relationships with people, you will soon discover that the custom of giving presents is widely observed. The act of giving a gift on a certain occasion strengthens the relationship between giver and receiver, and says so much without the need for words. If you are moving into a neighborhood for the first time, it is a good idea to present your neighbours with a small gift, preferably some souvenirs from your own country. Modest is best, an extravagant gift will embarrass them, and ruin the expression of goodwill you had intended to convey. They in turn will return a gift and thus you have established your arrival on a friendly note.

Gifts

The following are examples of when a gift would be appropriate on a trip to Japan:

• to any and all business associates;

• to new friends that you may make;

• to home stay families and individual family members;

• to any visits to a Japanese home;

• to relatives.

As well, gifts are given on congratulatory occasions such as birthdays (especially at ages 60, 70, 77, 88, and 99), anniversaries, weddings, births, children's festivals, business openings, new homes, promotions, children passing entrance exams or graduation. Gifts are also important when returning from a trip for family, friends, and co-workers. This is one reason that the Japanese tourist is a valued customer in other countries.