Some Diseases of the Bladder

There are many conditions affecting the bladder. Displacements are not uncommon. This condition is produced by straining in cystitis, or in vaginitis after calving. Tearing the floor of the vagina during calving may allow the bladder to avert through the opening. Catheterization or trocarization of the bladder with a hypodermic needle sometimes is necessary in treating the condition.

Rupture of the bladder occurs in overdistention and displacement because of excessive accumulation of urine.

Hemorrhage occurring in the bladder is usually due to injury or inflammation. The mucosa may be injured during calving or the presence of calculi induces small haemorrhages. Blood occurring in the bladder is most frequently due to cystitis.

Cystitis is due to various causes. It may be primary or secondary. Cystitis may ne caused by calculi and by injury resulting from calving. Cystitis is diagnosed by manual palpation. Laboratory test of the urine may be made to confirm the diagnosis.

UNIT 6 THE URO-GENITAL SYSTEM

I

Упр. 1. Прочтите и переведите.

1) Blisters appearing in the mouth are the principal symptoms.

2) This disease caused by virus is very common in cattle.

3) The problem of finding the cause of the disease is not solved yet.

Упр. 2. Укажите предложения из упр. 1, содержащие:

a) герундий в функции определения;

b) причастие в функции определения.

Упр. 3. Прочтите и переведите.

1) While attending the infected patient the veterinarian may catch the disease.

2) They are adding the vitamins in the food.

3) Having been bitten by a rabid wolf the sheep died.

4) In very acute cases the animals die without showing the symptoms of disease.

Упр. 4. Укажите предложения из упр. 3, содержащие:

a) герундий в функции обстоятельства;

b) причастие в функции обстоятельства.

Упр. 5. Прочтите и переведите.

1) They were speaking of his being sent to Moscow.

2) The disease spreading rapidly, the veterinarians must take preventive measures immediately.

3) The epidemic occurring in the hospital, measures were taken for isolation of the patients.

Упр. 6. Укажите предложения из упр. 5, содержащие:

a) независимый причастный оборот;

b) герундиальный оборот.

Вопросы для самоконтроля.

1) Чем отличается герундий в функции определения от причастия в функции определения?

2) Чем отличается герундий в функции обстоятельства от причастия в функции обстоятельства?

3) Какие функции может иметь причастие?

4) Какие функции может иметь герундий?

5) Какие функции может иметь герундий в отличие от причастия?

Упр. 7. Прочтите и переведите.

1) The experiments to be carried out are very important.

2) She was the last to complete the experiments.

3) To complete the research we must carry out the experiments.

4) Our task is to carry out these experiments.

Упр. 8. Укажите функцию инфинитива в каждом предложении упражнения 7.

Упр. 9. Прочтите и переведите.

1) We consider the disease to be infectious.

2) The disease is considered to be infectious.

3) The cause of the disease is said to be fungi (грибы).

4) We heard the professor speak about that in his lеcture.

Упр. 10. Укажите, какие предложения из упражнения 9 содержат:

a) оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом»;

b) оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом».

Вопросы для самоконтроля.

1) Какие функции может иметь инфинитив?

2) Как переводится инфинитив Indefinite Passive в функции определения?

3) Какое значение имеют глаголы to appear, to prove, to seem, вводящие оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом»?

II

Упр. 11. Прочтите, переведите, обращая внимание на выделенные слова.

1) The wastes discharge from the body.
to discharge – выходить

2) The blood pours from the wound. The wound is bleeding.
to bleed – кровоточить

3) The bleeding is stopped by constriction of the blood vessel.
constriction – сжатие, to constrict – сжимать

4) Lung is divided into lobes.
lobe – доля, долька

5) Kidney is an organ in which the urine is formed.
kidney – почка

6) Kidneys are connected with the bladder by ureter.
ureter – уретра

7) The heart is in the anterior part of the chest.
anterior – передний; предшествующий

8) Kidneys are part of the excretory system.
excretory – выделительный

9) Four of the bonens enclosing the brain are single.
single – простой

10) The brain is in the posterior part of the skull.
posterior – задний; последующий

11) The liver is close to the right kidney and is far from the left kidney.
close – близко, близкий

12) Novocain is used locally for anaesthesia.
locally – местно

13) In animal the heart is situated beneath the lungs.
beneath – ниже, под; внизу

Упр. 12. Прочтите текст «The Uro-Genital System».