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Regular and irregular verbs
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§ 6. Owing to the historical development of the verb system the English verbs fall into two groups: regular and irregular verbs.
The regular verbs, which go back to the Germanic weak verbs, constitute the largest group. The past indefinite and participle II of these verbs are formed by means of the dental suffix -ed added to the stem of the verb. This is the productive pattern according to which all new verbs form their past indefinite and participle II.
The irregular verbs form their past indefinite and participle II according tо some fixed traditional patterns going back partly to the Germanic strong verbs, partly to the weak verbs, which underwent some changes in the process of history.
The irregular verbs are about 250 in number. They can be arranged according to sound changes.
The list of irregular verbs arranged according to sound changes
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Participle II | Translation | |
| [ɪ] | [æ] | [ʌ] | ||
| begin [bɪgɪn] | began [bɪ'gæn] | begun [bɪ'gʌn] | начинать | |
| drink [dnɪŋk] | drank [dræŋk] | drunk [drʌŋk] | пить | |
| ring [rɪŋ] | rang [гæŋ] | rung [rʌŋ] | звонить | |
| shrink [∫rɪnk] | shrank [sræŋk] | shrunk [∫rʌŋk] | сокращать(ся) | |
| sing [sɪŋ] | sang [sæŋ] | sung [sʌŋ] | петь | |
| sink [sɪŋk] | sank [sæŋk] | sunk [sʌŋk] | тонуть | |
| spring [sprɪŋ] | sprang [spræŋ] | sprung [sprʌŋ] | прыгать | |
| stink [stɪŋk] | stank [stæŋk] | stunk [stʌŋk] | вонять | |
| swim [swɪm] | swam [swæm] | swum [swʌm] | плавать | |
| [ɪ] | [ʌ] | [ʌ] | ||
| dig [dɪg] | dug [dʌg] | dug [dʌg] | копать | |
| fling [flɪn] | flung [flʌŋ] | flung [flʌŋ] | кидать(ся) | |
| spin [spɪn] | spun [spʌn] | spun [spʌn] | прясть | |
| stick [stɪk] | stuck [stʌk] | stuck [stʌk] | втыкать | |
| sting [stɪŋ] | stung [stʌŋ] | stung [stʌŋ] | жалить | |
| swing [swɪŋ] | swung [swʌŋ] | swung [swʌŋ] | качать(ся) | |
| win [wɪn] | won [wʌn] | won [wʌn] | побеждать | |
| wring [rɪŋ] | wrung [гʌŋ] | wrung [rʌŋ] | скручивать | |
| [ɪ] | [æ] | [æ] | ||
| sit [sɪt] | sat [sæt] | sat [sæt] | сидеть | |
| spit [spɪt] | spat [spæt] | spat [spæt] | плеватъ(ся) | |
| [i:] | [e] | [e] | ||
| bleed [bl:d] | bled [bled] | bled [bled] | кровоточить | |
| breed [bri:d] | bred [bred] | bred [bred] | выводить, разводить | |
| (животных) | ||||
| feed [fi:d] | fed [fed] | fed [fed] | кормить | |
| lead [li:d] | led [led] | led [led] | вести | |
| meet [mi:t] | met [met] | met [met] | встречать(ся) | |
| read [ri:d] | read [red] | read [red] | читать | |
| speed [spi:d] | sped [sped] | sped [sped] | спешить | |
| [е] get [get] | [ɔ] got [gɔt] | [ɔ] got [gɔt] | получать | |
| [æ] hang [hæŋ] | [ʌ] 1) hung [hʌŋ] 2) hanged [hæŋd] | [ʌ] hung [hʌŋ] hanged [hæŋd] | вешать вешать (казнить) | |
| [aɪ] bind [baɪnd] ] find [faɪnd] grind [graɪnd] wind [waɪnd] | [au] bound [baund] found [faund] ground [graund] wound [waund] | [au] bound [baund] found [faund] ground [graund] wound [waund] | связывать находить молоть виться | |
| [aɪ] light [laɪt] slide [slaɪd] | [ɪ] lit [lɪt] slid [slɪd] | [ɪ] lit [lɪt] slid [slɪd] | светить, зажигать скользить | |
| [aɪ] shine [∫aɪn] | [ɔ] shone [∫ɔ n] | [ɔ] shone [∫ɔn] | светить, сиять | |
| [aɪ] fight [faɪt] | [ɔ:] fought [f ɔ:t] | [ɔ:] fought [f ɔ:t] | бороться | |
| [aɪ] strike [straɪk] | [ʌ] struck [strʌk] | [ʌ] struck [strʌk] | ударять(ся) | |
| [ou] hold [hould] | [e] held [held] | [e] held [held] | держать | |
| [u:] shoot [∫u:t] | [ɔ] shot[∫ɔ t] | [ɔ] shot [∫ɔ t] | стрелять | |
| [i:] creep [kri:p] keep [ki:p] leap [li:p] | [e] crept [krept] kept [kept] leapt [lept] leaped | [e] crept [krept] kept [kept] leapt [lept] leaped | ползать держать прыгать | |
| [i:] sweep [swi:p] sleep [sli:p] weep [wi:p] | [e] swept [swept] slept [slept] wept [wept] | [e] swept [swept] slept [slept] wept [wept] | мести, подметать спать плакать, рыдать | |
| [e] | [ou] | [ou] | ||
| sell [sel] | sold [sould] | sold [sould] | продавать | |
| tell [tel] | told [tould] | told [tould] | говорить | |
| [i:] | [e] | [e] | ||
| flee [fli:] | fled [fled] | fled [fled] | бежать, | |
| спасаться | ||||
| бегством | ||||
| [ɪǝ] | [ǝ:] | [ǝ:] | ||
| hear [hɪǝ] | heard [hǝ:d] | heard [hǝ:d] | слышать | |
| [eɪ] | [e] | [e] | ||
| say [seɪ] | said [sed] | said [sed] | говорить, | |
| сказать | ||||
| [i:] | [e] | [e] | ||
| deal [di:l] | dealt [delt] | dealt [delt] | раздавать, | |
| распределять | ||||
| dream [dri:m] | dreamt [dremt] dreamed | dreamt [dremt] dreamed | видеть сны; мечтать | |
| feel [fi:l] | felt [felt] | felt [felt] | чувствовать | |
| kneel [ni:l] | knelt [nelt] | knelt [nelt] | преклонять | |
| колени | ||||
| lean [li:n] | leant [lent] | leant [lent] | наклоняться | |
| mean [mi:n] | meant [ment] | meant [ment] | значить | |
| [aɪ] | [ɔ:] | [ɔ:] | ||
| buy [baɪ] | bought [bɔ:t] | bought [b ɔ:t] | покупать | |
| [i:] | [e] | [e] | ||
| leave [li:v] | left [left] | left [left] | покидать | |
| [u:] | [ɔ ] | [ɔ] | ||
| lose [lu:z] | lost [lɔst] | lost [lɔst] | терять | |
| [aɪ] | [ou] | [I] | ||
| drive [draɪv] | drove [drouv] | driven ['drɪvn] | вести, ехать | |
| (в экипаже, | ||||
| автомобиле | ||||
| и т. д.) | ||||
| ride [raɪd] | rode [roud] | ridden [ 'rɪdn] | ехать верхом | |
| rise [raɪz] | rose [rouz] | risen [ 'rɪzn] | подниматься, | |
| вставать | ||||
| write [raɪt] 4 f\ | wrote [rout] | written ['rɪtn] | писать | |
| [aɪ] flу [flaɪ] | [u:] flew [flu:] | [ou] flown [floun] | летать | |
| [i:] freeze [fri:z] speak [spi:k] steal [sti:l] weave [wi:v] | [ou] froze [frouz] spoke [spouk] stole [stoul] wove [wouv] | [ou] frozen ['frouzn] spoken [ spoukǝn] stolen ['stoulǝn] woven [ 'wouvǝn] | морозить разговаривать красть ткать | |
| [eɪ] break [breɪk] | [ou] broke [brouk] | [ou] broken ['broukǝn] | ломать | |
| [e] forget [fǝ'get] | [ ɔ] forgot [fǝ'gɔt] | [ ɔ] forgotten [fǝ'gɔtǝn] | забывать | |
| [ɛǝ] swear [swɛǝ] tear [t ɛə] | [ɔ:] swore [sw ɔ:] tore [tɔ:] | [ ɔ:] sworn [sw ɔ:n] torn [tɔ:n] | клясться рвать | |
| [aɪ] lie [laɪ] | [eɪ] lay [leɪ] | [eɪ] lain [Ieɪn] | лежать | |
| [aɪ] bite [baɪt] hide [haɪd] | [ɪ] bit [bɪt] hid [hɪd] | [ɪ] bitten ['bɪtn] hidden ['hɪdn] | кусать(ся) прятать(ся) | |
| [u:] choose [t∫u:z] | [ou] chose [t∫ouz] | [ou] chosen ['t∫ouzǝn] | выбирать | |
| [i:] see [si:] | [ɔ:] saw [sɔ:] | [i:] seen [si:n] | видеть | |
| [i:] eat [i:t] | [e] ate [et] | [i:] eaten ['i:tn] | есть | |
| [ɪ] forbid [fe'bɪd] forgive [fǝ'gɪv] give [gɪv] | [eɪ] forbade [fo'beɪd] forgave [fǝ'geɪv] gave [geɪv] | [ɪ] forbidden [fǝ'bidǝn] forgiven [fǝ'gɪvn] given ['gɪvn] | запрещать забывать давать | |
| [eɪ] shake [∫eɪk] take [teik] | [u] shook [∫uk] took [tuk] | [eɪ] shaken ['∫eɪkn] taken ['teɪkn] | трясти брать | |
| [ɔ:] fall [fɔ:l] | [e] fell [fel] | [ɔ:] fallen [fɔ:lǝn] | падать | |
| [ɔ:] draw [drɔ:] | [u:l drew [dru:] | [ɔ:] drawn [drɔ:n] | рисовать | |
| [ou] blow [blou] grow [grou] know [nou] throw [θrou] | [u:] blew [blu:] grew [gru:] knew [nju:] threw [θru:] | [ou] blown [bloun] grown [groun] known [noun] thrown [θroun] | дуть расти знать бросать | |
| [e] swell [swel] | [e] swelled [sweld] | [ou] swollen ['swoulǝn] | надувать(ся) | |
| [eɪ] make [meɪk] | [eɪ] made [meɪd] | [eɪ] made [meɪd] | делать | |
| [ɪ] bring [brɪŋ] think [θiŋk] | [ɔ:] brought [brɔ:t] thought [θɔ:t] | [ɔ:] brought [brɔ:t] thought [θɔ:t] | нести думать | |
| [i:] teach [ti:t∫] | [ɔ:] taught [tɔ:t] | [ɔ:] taught [tɔ:t] | учить | |
| [æ] catch [kæt∫] | [ɔ:] caught [kɔ:t] | [ɔ:] caught [kɔ:t] | хватать | |
| [æ] stand [stænd] understand [ʌnde'stænd] | [u] stood [stud] understood [ʌndǝ'stud] | [u] stood [stud] understood [ʌndǝ'stud] | стоять понимать | |
| [d] build [bɪId] lend [lend] mend [mend] spend [spend] send [send] | [t] built [bɪlt] lent [lent] ment [ment] spent [spent] sent [sent] | [t] built [bɪlt] lent [lent] ment [ment] spent [spent] sent [sent] | строить одалживать, сдавать в аренду чинить тратить, расходовать посылать | |
| bet [bet] burst [bǝ:st] | bet [bet] burst [bǝ:st] | bet [bet] burst [bǝ:st] | держать пари лопаться; взрываться (о снаряде) | |
| cost [kɔst] | cost [kɔst] | cost [kɔst] | стоить, | |
| обходиться | ||||
| cut [kʌt] | cut [kʌt] | cut [kʌt] | резать | |
| hit [hɪt] | hit [hɪt] | hit [hɪt] | ударять | |
| hurt [hǝ:t] | hurt [hǝ:t] | hurt [hǝ:t] | причинять боль | |
| let [let] | let [let] | let [let] | позволять, разрешать | |
| put [put] | put [put] | put [put] | класть, положить | |
| shut [∫ʌt] | shut [∫ʌt] | shut [∫ʌt] | закрывать(ся) | |
| split [splɪt] | split [splɪt] | split [splɪt] | раскладывать(ся) | |
| spread [spred] | spread [spred] | spread [spred] | развертываться | |
| upset [ʌр'set] | upset [ʌp'set] | upset [ʌp'set] | опрокидывать (ся) | |
| расстраивать, | ||||
| нарушать (порядок) |
Date: 2016-07-05; view: 296; Нарушение авторских прав