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Glossary to Old English TextsThe order of words in the Glossary is alphabetical (see the OE alphabet in § 111). Æ is included as a separate letter after A: p follows T; Q is shown as A or O; I and Y are treated as one letter since they often interchange (Y also alternates with IE). Words with the prefix ʒe- are placed according to the first letter of the root and the prefix is missed out unless it changes the meaning of the word. The component parts of derived and compound words, wherever possible, are separated by hyphens. The stroke / shows variant forms or spellings of the word. For words which survived in later periods the ME form is shown after the sign >; the modern word is given in capital letters. OE words are supplied with translations if they have no modern descendants and if the meaning has changed. Parallels from other languages and related OE words are given as clues for the analysis of the sounds, the morphological structure and the means of word formation. See also the list of abbreviations on p. 8. A ac conj ‘but’ a-hreddan v, w.I ‘save’ and-lyfen n, F. - ō ‘food’ (rel. to OE libban v ‘live’) Anʒel n, N. -a, name of district, mod. ANGELN, hence OE Anʒle, later Enʒle, Enʒlisc, Enʒla-land, ENGLISH, ENGLAND Anʒel-cynn n N.-ja ‘English people’; cynn ‘tribe, clan’; (hence cyninʒ, see Notes to Text 1, p 333) Anʒel-pēod n, F. -o ‘English people’, see Anʒel, pēod n ār n, F. -ō ‘possessions’, ‘honour’ (cf. G Ehre) ʒe-ascian v. w. II 'hear of', ascian> asken, ASK Æ ǣfre adv > evre, EVER æfter prep > after, AFTER æʒper/ǣʒ-hwæðer, conj, pron > either, EITHER, ǣʒðer... and ‘both... and’ ǣniʒ pron > any, ANY (cf. OE ān, ONE) ǣr adv > ere, ERE obs. ‘before’ (cf. Gt airis, O Scand ār) ǣrendd-raca/ǣrend-wrecca n, M. -n ‘messenger’, OE ærende n, ERRAND; wrecan v ‘drive’, ‘force’ (rel. to R âðàã) B bærnet n, N. -ja ‘burning’ (cf. OE bærnan v, w.I. > bernen, BURN) be/bi prep > by, BY be-bod n, N.-a ‘command’ (cf. OE bēodan v) be-hātan v, str. 7 ‘promise’, see also hātan behēte, see be-hātan bēodan v, str. 2 ‘offer’ (cf. Gt biudan) (ret. to BID) bēon v anom., see the forms on p. 258 (cf. R áûòü, ñòîÿòü) be-twih/be-tweox prep > betwix, BETWIXT (rel. to BETWEEN) biscop n, M. -a. > bisshop, BISHOP (from L episcopus) brecan v, str. 4 > breken, BREAK Breotone/Brytene n, M. -i, also Bryttas n, M. -a. pl > Britons, BRITONS burh n, F. root-stem > burgh, BOROUGH, OE ‘walled town’ burh-waru n, F. -ō ‘inhabitants of a town’ C campian v, w.II ‘fight’ (cf. OE camp ‘battle’, G Kampf, from L campus) cāsere n, M. -ja ‘emperor’ (from L Caesar) Cent-land n, N. -a KENT (see land) cyninʒ n, M. - a > ‘kyng’, KING (cf. OHG kuning), see Notes to Text 1 cynn n, N. -ja ‘kin’, KIN (OE 'tribe', ‘clan’) (rel. to KIND); cf Gt kuni cӯðan v, w. I ‘make known’ (cf. Gt kunpian, OS kūðian), rel. to KNOW, CAN cōm, cōmon v, see cuman cuman v, str. 4 (Past cuōm/cōm, cōmon, cumen) > comen, COME cwide/cwiðe n, M. -a ‘speech, discourse’ (rel. to cweðan v; see Notes to Text 1) D dæʒ n, M. - a > day, DAY (cf. Gt dags) dǣl n, M. -i > deel, DEAL (OE ‘part’) (cf. Gt dails, OE dǣlan v, DEAL) dōn v, anom. (dyde, ʒe-don) > doon, DO drihten/dryhten n, M. - a ‘lord’, ‘God’ E ēac adu > eek, EKE obs. ‘also’ (cf. Gt auk, G auch) eal pron. > all, ALL (cf. Gt alls) ēa-land n, M. - a > iland, island, LAND (OE ēa ‘water’,‘river’) ealdor-mann n, M. root-stem > alderman, ALDERMAN (OE ‘chief’; OE eald/ald > old, OLD) eardunʒ-stōw n, F. -wō ‘place of dwelling’ (cf. OE eardian ‘dwell’, OS ard, for stōw see Notes to Text 1) ēast n, adv > east, EAST (cf. O Scand austr) ēast-dǣl n, M. -i, see east and dǣl Ēast-seaxe n, see ēast and Seaxe, ESSEX eft adv ‘again’ eðel n, M. -a ‘country’ F faran u, str. 6 > faren, FARE (OE ‘travel’) fæst-lice adv, also fæste > fastly, FAST (OE ‘firmly’) fēdan v, w.I feden, FEED (cf. OE fōd n, Gt fodian v.) feohtan v, str. 3 > fighten, FIGHT (cf. OHG fehtan) fēond n, M. -nd, substantivised Part.I > fiend, FIEND (OE fēon v ‘hate’) fēower num > four, FOUR fēower-tiʒ num > fourty, FORTY fēran v, w.I ‘go’, ‘suffer’ (ret. to OE faran; cf. OS fōrian) fierd/fyrd n, F. -i ‘army’ (rel. to OE faran v, fēran v) fӯr n, N. - a > fir, FIRE ʒe-flieman v, w.I ‘put to flight’ (cf. OE flēam n ‘flight’; rel. to OE flēoʒan v FLY, flēon, v FLEE) folc n, N. -a > folk, FOLK fore-sprecen ‘above-mentioned’. Part.II of fore-sprecan (OE fore adv ‘before’, sprecan v, str. 5 > speken, SPEAK) for-ʒēafon v, see ʒiefan for-sāwon v, see for-sēon for-sēon v, str. 5 ‘reject’ (sēon- seah, sǣʒon/sāwon, sewen > seen, SEE) for-swelʒan v, str. 3 ‘devour, swallow up', swelʒan > swalwen, SWALLOW fram/from prep > from, FROM fretan v, str. 5 ‘eat up, devour (cf. G fressen) ʒe-friʒnan v, str. 3 Team by asking, hear of (cf. OE ʒeascian) frið n, M./N. -a ‘peace’ (cf. G Frieden), OE frēon v, freond n, FRIEND, R ïðèÿòåëü fultum n, M. - a ‘support’, ‘force’ Ӡ ʒaderian v, w.II > gaderen, GATHER (OE ʒæd n ‘fellowship’, see also tō-ʒædere and ʒied) ʒafol n, N. - a ‘tribute’ (rel. to OE ʒyfan v, GIVE) ʒēafon/ʒēafan, see ʒyfan ʒēar n, N. - a > yeer, YEAR (cf. G Jahr; orig. mean, ‘spring’) Ӡeat, Ӡeatas n, M. -a, a Scand tribe or, perhaps, the Jutes ʒeond adv, prep, also be-ʒeondan > yond, beyond, BEYOND Ӡermania n, F. -ō, GERMANY ʒied n, N. -ja ‘word’, ‘speech’ (rel. to OE ʒaderian v) ʒiefan/ʒyfan v, str. 5 (ʒeaf, ʒēafon, ʒefen) > yiven/ʒiven, GIVE ʒieldan/ʒyldan v, str. 3 > yelden, YIELD (OE also ‘pay’) ʒislian v, w.II ‘give hostages’ ʒod n, M. -a > god, GOD (cf. O Scand goð, Gt. gup) H habban v, w.III haven, HAVE (cf. G haben, L habēre) bāliʒ adj > holy, HOLY (cf. Gt hailags) hām n, M. - a, adv > hoom, HOME (cf. Gt haims) hām-weard adv > hoomward, HOMEWARDS (see him n; see -weard in Notes to Text 1 — norpweard) hand n, F. - u > hand, HAND hātan v, str. 7 ‘name’, ‘promise’, ‘order’ (cf. Gt ga-haitan, G heiβen) hæfde v, see habban hǣlo/hǣlu n, F. -in ‘safety’ (rel. to OE hāl, WHOLE; cf. Gt hails) hē pron > he, HE, see the forms of OE hē (p. 103) hearm n, M. - a > harm, HARM (cf. O Scand harmr, R ñðàì) heora pron, see the forms of hie (p. 103) hēr adv > here, HERE here n, M. - ja ‘host’, ‘army’ (cf. Gt harjis, G Heer) herʒian v, w.II > heren, harwen, HARRY (rel. to OE here) herʒoð n, M. - a ‘harrying, ravaging' (rel. to OE here, herʒian) hēt, hēton v, see hātan hie/hӯ pron ‘they’, see the forms of hie (p. 103) hider adv > hider, HITHER hire pron, see the forms of hēo (p. 103) hit pron > it, IT, see the forms of hit (p. 103) hors n, N. -a > hors(e), HORSE hund n. num, N. -a, later hundred > hundred, HUNDRED hwil n, F.-ō > while, WHILE I. Y ic pron > ich, i, I, see the forms (p. 103) yfel n, N. -a adj > ivel, evel, EVIL (cf. Gt ubils) ilca/ylca pron > ilke, ILK, obs. ‘same’ ymb/ymbe prep, adv ‘about’ (cf. OHG umbi; OE be/bi, by, BY) yrʒðo/ierʒðu n, F. -ō ‘cowardice’ L land n, N. -a, ‘land’, LAND laðian v, w.II ‘invite’ (cf. G einladen) lǣdan v, w.I > leden, LEAD (cf. PG *laidjan) lǣstan v, w.I > lasten, LAST (OE also ‘carry out’) (cf. Gt laistjan) M maʒan v, Pret. -Pres. (mæʒ, Past mihte/meahte) > ‘may, might’, MAY, MIGHT mann n, M. root-stem > man, MAN (OE also indef, pron. ‘one’) mann-slieht n, M. - i ‘manslaughter’ (OE mann n, MAN and slieht n, rel. to slēan v, SLAY, see slēan) māra, see micel mǣst, see micel mē pron, see the forms of ic (p. 103) menn-isc-nyss n, F. -jō ‘incarnation of man’ (cf. OE mann, n MANN, mennisc, adj MANNISH) metsunʒ n, F. - ō ‘provision’ (rel. to OE mete ‘food’, MEAT) micel adj, adv (cf. māra, superl. mǣst > michel/muchel, MUCH) mid prep ‘with’ mihte, mihten v, see maʒan mild-heort-nes n ‘mercy, pity’ (OE milde adj, MILD, heorte n HEART, cf. NE mild-heartedness) Myrce/Mierce n, M. -i or M. -n pl ‘Mercians’ mōdor n, F. -r > moder, MOTHER (cf. O Scand moðir, L māter) N nāmon, see niman nǣfre adv (ne + ǣfre) nevre, NEVER niehsta/nӯhsta adv superl. of nēah; comp. nēarra > neer, NEAR æt niehstan ‘at last’ niʒon num > nine, NINE nolde neg. particle + wolde, see willan norð/norðan adv ‘in or from the North’ > north. NORTH Norðhymbre n, M. -i pl. ‘Northumbrians’ O oft adv > oft/often, OFTEN (cf. Gt ufta) on-fēnʒ, see on-fōn on-fōn v, str. 7 (past onfēng. Part. II onfangen) ‘undertake’, ‘receive’ on-herʒian, see herʒian on-tendan v, w.I ‘set on fire’ P pund n, N. -a pound, POUND (from L pondō) R rǣdan v, str. 7 and w.I > reden, REDE obs. READ (OE also ‘decide’ rel. to RIDDLE) rice n. N. -ja ‘kingdom’ (cf. OE rice adj ‘strong’, ‘rich’) ridan v, str. 1 riden, RIDE S sǣ n, F/M. - i > see, SEA (cf. Gt saiws) sǣ-rima n, M. -n ‘sea shore’ (cf. OE sæ n), SEA, RIM sceolde v, see the forms of OE sculan (p. 123), SHOULD scip/scyp n, N. -a ship, SHIP scip-here n ‘hostile naval force’, see scip and here scir n, F. -ō > shire, SHIRE sē pron M. ‘that’, ‘the’, see the forms of OE sē (p. 104) sealdan/sealdon, see sellan secʒan v, w.III > seyen, SAY (cf. G sagen, PG *sagjan) sellan v, w.I (past sealde) > sellen, SELL (OE also ‘give’) (cf. OE salu n, Gt saljan v) sendan v, w.I > senden, SEND (cf. Gt sandjan) sēo pron ‘that’, 'the', see the forms of OE sēo (p. 104) sibb n, F. -jō ‘peace,’ ‘relationship’ (rel. to GOSSIP) siʒe n, M. -i ‘victory’ (cf. G Siege) syxta/siexta num > sixth, SIXTH slēan v, str. 6 (slōʒ, sloʒon, slæʒen) > sleyen, SLAY ʒe-slōʒon v, see slēan sōna adv > sone, SOON stapol n, M. -a ‘foundation’ (rel. to OE standan v, STAND) stæl-ʒiest n ‘thievish guest’, OE stæl n, stelan v, STEAL OE ʒiest/ʒӕst, cf. OHG gast, R ãîñòü) stranʒ adj > strong STRONG sum pron > some, SOME suð adj, adv > south, SOUTH Suð-seaxe, see suð and Seaxe, SUSSEX swican v, str. 1 ‘deceive’, ‘cease’ T to-ʒædere adv > together, TOGETHER (rel. to OE ʒaderian v, GATHER, see ʒaderian) P pā adv ‘then’, ‘when’ pā pron ‘those’, ‘the’, see the forms of sē, sēo, pæt (p. 104) panon/ponan adv > thannes/thennes, THENCE pam/pæm pron, see the forms of sē, sēo (p. 104) pāra/pǣre pron, see the forms of sē, sēo, pӕt (p. 104) pǣr adv > there, THERE pæs pron, see the forms of sē, pæt (p. 104) pæt pron > that, THAT, see the forms of pæt (p. 104) pe conj or connective particle ‘which’, ‘that’ pēod n, F. -ō ‘people’ (rel. to OE pēodan; cf. Gt piuda) pēodan v, w.I ‘join’, ‘associate’ (rel. to OE pēod) pēof n, M. - a > thief, THIEF (cf. Gt piubi) pes, pēos, pis pron, M., F., N. > this, THIS pyncan v, w.I (past pūhte) > thinken, THINK (OE ‘seem’; cf. Gt pugkjan) pisses pron, Gen. sg of pes, pis pissum pron, Dat. sg of pes, pis; Dat. pl of pēs, pēos, pis pone pron, see sē ponne adv > thanne/thenne, THAN, THEN pūhte v, see pyncan pusend num thousend, THOUSAND U un-ā-secʒend-lic adj ‘unspeakable’, see secʒan un-be-fohten adj ‘unopposed’, see feohtan under-fēnʒon past of under-fōn v str. 7 ‘receive’, see on-fōn un-frið n, M. -a ‘enmity’, ‘war’, see frið un-ofer-swlpend-lic adj ‘unconquerable’ (OE swiðan v ‘strengthen’, see also swiðe in Notes to Text 1; cf. unasecʒendlic) ūr pron > our, OUR, see the forms of OE wē (p. 103) W wǣre, wǣron v, see bēon wæs, see bēon (cf. OHG was) wæstm-bǣr-nys n, F. -jō ‘fertility’ (OE wæstm ‘growth’, bærnes ‘bearing’, rel. to beran v, BEAR) wēnan v, w.I > wenen, WEEN (OE ‘think’), cf. O Scand vana weorod/werod n, N. -a ‘troop’ (OE wer ‘man’) weorp-scipe n, M. -a > worship, WORSHIP (OE weorp adj, WORTH) West-seaxe n, west adv, WEST, see Seaxe, WESSEX wide adv > wide, WIDE (OE wid adj) wiʒa n, M. -n ‘warrior’, ‘man’ (cf. Gt weihan ‘make war’, L vincere, NE invincible) willan v, anom. (past wolde) > will, wolde, WILL, WOULD ʒe-winn n, N. -ja ‘fight’ (see also winnan v, ʒe-winna n) ʒe-winna n, M. -n ‘enemy’ (see also ʒe-winn n, winnan v) winnan v, str. 3 > winnen, WIN (OE also ‘fight’) winter-setl n 'winter quarters' (OE winter n, WINTER, setl ‘seat’, SETTLE, cf. R ñåäëî, NE saddle) wyrcan v, w.I (past worhte) > wurchen/werken, WORK wita n, M. -n ‘councillor’ (cf. OE wit n, witan v, WIT) wip prep > with, WITH wip pon pe conj ‘on condition that’ wolde v, see willan word n. N. - a > word, WORD (cf. L verbum, PG *verdham) worhton, see wyrcan wunnon, see winnan
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