Контрольная работа № 3

Для правильного выполнения контрольного задания №3 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге (Active Voice):

a) Present, Past, Future Indefinite;

b) Present, Past, Future Continuous

c) Present, Past, Future Perfect.

2. Видовременные формы глагола в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice):

a) Present, Past, Future Indefinite;

b) Present, Past, Continuous;

c) Present, Past, Future Perfect.

3. Особенности перевода страдательного залога на русский язык. После изучения указанного материала приступайте к выполнению задания.

ВАРИАНТ I

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) laboratories; 2) producing; 3) switches; 4) later; 5) carried.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. First generation computer

2. Television screen

3. Wire contacts

4. Point contact transistor

5. Two point contact rectifiers

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Определите залог и видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите предложения письменно.

1. Today there is hardly a field in which computers are not made use of.

2. They will have developed the project by the turn of the century.

3. In principle Man is capable of making everything that Nature has already created or is creating.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Сравните предложения. Обратите внимание на залоги Active и Passive. Письменно переведите предложения с учетом видовременных форм глагола.

1. They have installed the computers in the laboratory.

2. He is carrying out an experiment.

3. Our scientists make researches in all fields of knowledge.

4. The computers have been computers in the installed in the laboratory.

5. The experiment is being carried out by him.

6. Researches are made in all fields of knowledge.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. Scientists and engineers have worked out special kinds of equipment for transmitting colour TV programmes.

2. Colour TV sets are quite common and they are being installed not only in hotels, palaces of culture and clubs but also in homes.

3. Matter is constantly moving.

4. The difficulties were caused by lack of order.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Выпишите предложения в действительном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The construction of the algorithm requires creative thinking.

2. The experiment will be proved by data processing.

3. The accuracy of the device is affected by a number of factors.

4. The programmer first sets out the algorithm in broad terms and then visualizes possible alternatives.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й и 2-й абзацы, письменно 3-й абзац.

ПОЯСНЕНИЕ К ТЕКСТУ

1. Trait — характерная черта, особенность

2. Spreadsheet program — программа табличных расчётов

3. Wreak — причинять вред, ущерб

4. Havoc — опустошение; разорение, разрушение

5. Safeguard — гарантия, мера предосторожности

6. Boot - загрузка

COMPUTER VIRUSES

1. Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the traits of biological viruses. A computer virus passes from computer to computer like a biological virus passes from person to person. When you listen to the news, you hear about many different forms of electronic infection. The most common are: viruses, e-mail viruses, worms, Trojan horses.

2. A virus is a small piece of software. It might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs too, and it has the chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or wreak havoc. An e-mail virus moves around in e-mail messages, and usually replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim's e-mail address book. A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for another machine that has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine using the security hole, and then starts replicating from there, as well. A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims to do one thing (it may claim to be a game) but instead does damage when you run it (it may erase your hard disk). Trojan horses have no way to replicate automatically.

3. You can protect yourself against viruses with a few simple steps: If you are truly worried about traditional (as opposed to e-mail) viruses, you should be running a more secure operating system like UNIX. You never hear about viruses on these operating systems because the security features keep viruses away from your hard disk. If you are using an unsecured operating system, then buying virus protection software is a nice safeguard. If you simply avoid programs from unknown sources (like the Internet), and instead stick with commercial software purchased on CDs, you eliminate almost all of the risk from traditional viruses. In addition, you should disable floppy disk booting - most computers now allow you to do this, and that will eliminate the risk of a boot sector virus coming in from a floppy disk accidentally left in the drive. You should make sure that Macro Virus Protection is enabled in all Microsoft applications, and you should never run macros in a document unless you know what they do. There is seldom a good reason to add macros to a document, so avoiding all macros is a great policy.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Where is computer virus?

2. What are the most common forms of electronic infection?

3. What is Trojan horse?

4. What is UNIX?

ВАРИАНТ II

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) making; 2) repairing; 3) bigger; 4) carried; 5) required.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Computer control systems

2. Computer components

3. Point contact

4. Current information

5. Mass storage device

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Определите залог и видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите предложения письменно.

1. There is no doubt that computers will be used more and more in science and industry.

2. The experiments have already provided and will provide useful information for the program.

3. The method described above is the most accurate, and it should be used when the greatest possible accuracy is desired.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Сравните предложения. Обратите внимание на залоги Active и Passive. Письменно переведите предложения с учетом видовременных форм глагола.

1. The scientists have obtained better results using the computers.

2. They are repairing the equipment, all day long.

3. E. Rutherford discovered that radium gave off three different types of rays.

4. The better results have been obtained by the scientists

5. The equipment is being repaired all day long.

6. Three different types of rays were given off.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The new telephone system enables people who have not communicated for a long time to talk and see each other.

2. The video telephone was put into operation for the first time in October 1961.

3. Ecological problems are being discussed now at the Conference.

4. He wanted to know how they have obtained the data.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Выпишите предложения в действительном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The sequence of operations is transposed into a programming language.

2. In 1746 the experiments on electricity were carried out by Benjamin Franklin.

3. The source program is fed into the computer.

4. The computer converts the program into a machine version.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й и 2-й абзацы, письменно 3-й и 4-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЕ К ТЕКСТУ

1. SAGE (сокр. от Semi Automatic Ground Environment) — полуавтоматизированная система управления войсками ПВО США и Канады

2. Sabre — СЭЙБР Электронная система предварительного заказа авиабилетов компании "Американ эрлайнс" [American Airlines]. Разработана корпорацией ИБМ [International Business Machines Corp.]

3. ARPA (сокр. от Advanced Research Projects Agency) - Управление перспективного планирования научно-исследовательских работ (США)

4. Evolve — развивать

5. ADSL (сокр. от Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) — асимметричная цифровая абонентская линия

6. Ubiquitous – вездесущий, повсеместный

NETWORKING AND INTERNET

1. Computers have been used to coordinate information in multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems like Sabre.

2. In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. This effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet.

3. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous.

4. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Since that year have computers been used?

2. When did engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology?

3. What is WWW?

4. Why do we use Internet?

ВАРИАНТ III

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) writing; 2) applies; 3) simpler; 4) produced; 5) getting.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Common data input device

2. Flow rate

3. Crystal amplifier

4. Computer manufacture

5. Television studio equipment

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Определите залог и видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите предложения письменно.

1. For this type of measurements Numerous methods had been used before the most efficient method was developed.

2. When Newton started writing his great «Principia», he was collecting and establishing proofs, theorems, and equations for more than two years.

3. The relationship between the computers and the people who use them has been given much attention to.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Сравните предложения. Обратите внимание на залоги Active и Passive. Письменно переведите предложения с учетом видовременных форм глагола.

1. Не knows this method and uses it in his research.

2. Scientists have developed a number of theories on the structure of matter.

3. The lecturer was illustrating the measurements of gas pressure.

4. This method is well known and is being widely used.

5. Many secrets of nature have been discovered in the 20th century.

6. The measurements of gas pressure were being illustrated by a computer.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. Almost all chemical elements found on Earth have been discovered on the Sun and the planets of the Solar system.

2. Magnetic confinement devices are being studied in several configurations.

3. These machines are replacing the old equipment in the shop.

4. The video-telephone became a new convenient type of communication system.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Выпишите предложения в действительном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. Computer operators consider the origin of input information.

2. Computers don't know feelings or instincts.

3. The operation of semiconductor devices is greatly affected by temperature.

4. The production plans were exactly fulfilled.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3-й, 4-й абзацы.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS

1. The first computers applied thousands of separate electrical components connected together with wires. In the late 1940s, computers were made using vacuum tubes, resistors, and diodes. These computers were called first generation computers.

2. In 1956, transistors were invented. Transistors are made from materials called semiconductors. Computers using transistors were called second generation computers. Second generation computers were smaller than first generation computers. Second generation computers needed less power. Both first and second generation computers were very expensive.

3. Computer components, such as transistors, diodes, resistors, can now be made of different shapes from semiconductor materials. Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor, called a chip. Such circuits are called integrated circuits (IС). Computers using integrated circuits were first produced in the 1960s. They became known as third generation computers. Their integrated circuits had about 200 components on a single chip. Today, we can produce a great deal of components on a single chip. A chip can be as small as 0,5-cm square.

4. With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has become much simpler. The manufacturer does not connect thousands of components together. Most of the connections are 50 made inside the chip. It is even possible to build a complete processor in a single chip. A processor on a single chip is called a microprocessor.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Computers using transistors were called first generation computers, weren't they?

2. Is it possible to build a complete processor in a single chip?

3. Were the computers of the 1960s called second or third generation computers?

4. What kinds of computers were called first generation computers?

ВАРИАНТ IV

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) earliest; 2) easier; 3) industries; 4) supplies; 5) transmitting.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. institute physics laboratory

2. Input device

3. Operation register

4. Plant operators

5. Perfect top-quality machines

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Определите залог и видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите предложения письменно.

1. Now computers are being developed that are much faster than any existing ones.

2. Since the early fifties extensive research and development programmes have been carried out in many countries, much progress has been achieved and the basic technical problems have been solved.

3. The operation register also acts as a link between the intent of the programmer and the internal operation of the system.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Сравните предложения. Обратите внимание на залоги Active и Passive. Письменно переведите предложения с учетом в идо временных форм глагола.

1. Mathematics as a science uses many abstract notions.

2. So far we have studied the properties of building materials.

3. The laboratory assistants are now installing new devices.

4. Mathematics is used in all branches of science.

5. The properties of liquid sodium have been studied.

6. New devices are now being installed in the laboratory.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The positive particle in the nucleus was given the name of the proton.

2. They exploited mechanical power in the 19th century.

3. The report will be followed by a discussion.

4. These calculations are very complex.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Выпишите предложения в действительном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The experiment was watched by everybody with great interest.

2. A computer output microfilm device translates information, normally held on magnetic tape, into miniature images.

3. The data was rather contradictory and we didn't rely on it.

4. The computers were invented as high-speed calculators.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й и 2-й абзацы, письменно 3-й и 4-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЕ К ТЕКСТУ

1. To headquarter — устраивать штаб, штаб-квартиру где-либо

2. Punched card — перфокарта; перфорированная карта

3. Automated defense systems — автоматизированные системы защиты

4. Revenue — доход; выручка; оборот

5. The Northern Hemisphere — Северное полушарие

IBM

1. International Business Machines Corporation is headquartered in Armonk, NY, USA. The company manufactures and sells, computer hardware, software, and services. It is in operation since 1888. IBM's history dates back decades before the development of electronic computers — before that it developed punched card data processing equipment. It originated as the Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR) Corporation, which was incorporated on June 15, 1911 in Binghamton, New York.

2. Thomas Watson Sr., the founder of IBM, became General Manager of CTR in 1914 and President in 1915. In 1917,the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company entered the Canadian market under the name of International Business Machines Co., Limited. On February 14, 1924, CTR changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation. In the 1950s, IBM became a chief contractor for developing computers for the United States Air Force's automated defense systems.

3. IBM was the largest of the eight major computer companies through the 1960s. IBM had over 330,000 employees worldwide and revenues of $96 billion in 2004. IBM is the largest information technology company in the world, and one of the few with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and development laboratories located all over the world, in all segments of computer science and information technology. As of 2005 it employs about 195,000 technical professionals.

4. IBM Research has eight laboratories, all located in the Northern Hemisphere. IBM employees have won five Nobel Prizes. In 2004, IBM announced the proposed sale of its PC business to Chinese computer maker Lenovo, which is partially owned by the Chinese government, for USD650 million in cash and USD600 million in Lenovo stock. The deal was approved in March 2005, and completed in May 2005.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Where is International Business Machines Corporation headquartered?

2. When did CTR change its name to International Business Machines Corporation?

3. Who is the founder of IBM?

4. When did IBM become a chief contractor for developing computers for the United States Air Force's automated defense systems?

5. When was IBM sold to Chinese computer maker Lenovo?

ВАРИАНТ V

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) devices; 2) carries; 3) activities; 4) required; 5) measuring.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Radio receiver characteristics

2. Output device

3. Radio engineer

4. Tape drive

5. Radio display screen

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Определите залог и видовременную форму сказуемого. Переведите предложения письменно.

1. The value of life lies not in the length of days but in the use we make of them.

2. A number of complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.

3. The apparatus will be working when you come.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Сравните предложения. Обратите внимание па залоги Active и Passive. Переведите предложения с учетом видовременных форм глагола.

1. They rely on the data obtained during the experiment.

2. They recently discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the new method.

3. The engineer is improving the accuracy of this machine-tool.

4. This problem won’t be dealt with unless more precise experimental data are obtained.

5. The advantages and disadvantages of the new project were discussed last week.

6. The accuracy of this machine-tool is being improved by the engineer.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The volume of a millilitre equals a cubic centimetre.

2. Some laboratory assistants work here between 3 and 4 p.m.

3. Now solar energy and its usage are being studied by a lot of research groups.

4. The construction of automatic enterprises has been paid great attention to in our country.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Выпишите предложения в действительном залоге. Переведите их письменно.

1. The relationship between the computer and the people that use them has been described in this book.

2. It is important for us to remember and to realize that the computer: has begun an information revolution, that will profoundly affect the life of society.

3. In order to ensure that information is correctly placed in store, the program instructions are followed in the proper sequence and data is selected from memory when necessary, a control unit is required.

4. Individual electrons were changing their paths at great speed.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3-й, 4-й абзацы.

READING AND COMPREHENSION

1. Computer systems may be discussed in two parts. The first part is hardware - the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as «computers». The hardware consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices and output devices. The main memory stores input data and the program needed by the processor. The main memory also holds output data, of the results of processing.

2. Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. By the keyboard a user can enter data directly into the computer system. Data is sometimes entered on cards. The cards are read by an input device called a card reader. Data is often input from a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc. A mass storage device has a much larger capacity than main memory. That is, it can store more data. The tapes or discs are ready by an input device called a disc drive.

3. Output devices receive data from the CPU. The Visual Display Unit (VDU) and printer are common output devices. The VDU is similar to a television screen. The printer produces printed output on paper. Both the VDU and printer present output data for immediate use. Sometimes, the output data is transmitted along a telephone line to another computer. Output data can also be stored for future use on a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc.

4. Input devices, output devices and mass storage devices are collectively called Input-Output Devices (l-O Devices), or peripherals.

The second part is software - the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.

To operate computer programs are required. A computer program is a set of instructions for the CPU. These instructions tell the CPU where to find the input data in the system. The CPU is also instructed how to process the data and where to put the results. Programs are not hardware, as they have no electrical or mechanical components. They can be easily changed according to the needs of the user.

Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories - systems software and application software.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Software is the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data, isn't it?

2. Is the CPU instructed where to find the input data in the system, how to process the data and where to put the results?

3. Are input devices or output devices used to provide data for the CPU?

4. What is hardware?