Основные функции инфинитива

ИЗУЧАЕМ ТЕХНОЛОГИЮ

ПОЛИГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Учебное пособие

Омск

Издательство ОмГТУ

УДК 655: 802.0 (075)

ББК 37.8 + 81.2 Англ – 923

С 77

Рецензенты:

Н.Г. Гичева,

канд. филол. наук, доцент, зав. каф. иностранных языков ОмГУ,

декан факультета иностранных языков ОмГУ;

Т.В. Ощепкова,

канд. филол. наук, доцент, зав. каф. английского языка факультета информатики ОмГПУ

Старовойтова Е.Ф.

С 77 Изучаем технологию полиграфического производства на английском языке: учеб. пособие / Е.Ф. Старовойтова. – Омск: Изд-воОмГТУ, 2009. – 88 с.

ISBN 978-5-8149-0655-7

Учебное пособие содержит оригинальные тексты, соответствующие материалам, изучаемым студентами на лекциях и занятиях по профилирующим предметам. Каждый урок включает тексты для обучения разным видам чтения: А – изучающее чтение, В – просмотровое, С – поисковое, D – синтетическое. Цели пособия – научить студентов читать оригинальные технические тексты по полиграфии, а также помочь обучающимся овладеть навыками разговорной речи на английском языке по ключевым темам полиграфического производства. Оно включает лексический, терминологический, грамматический материал, типичный для научно-технических статей вышеуказанных специальностей.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов полиграфических специальностей.

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета

Омского государственного технического университета.

УДК 655: 802.0 (075)

ББК 37.8 + 81.2 Англ – 923

© Омский государственный ISBN 978-5-8149-0655-7 технический университет, 2009

Lesson 1

Грамматика: 1. Герундий (Gerund).

Конверсия.

Основной текст A: History of Printing

Герундий

Признаки герундия и его перевод

Герундий по форме совпадает с причастием I или перфектным причастием. Его можно отличить от причастия по следующим признакам.

1. Глагольная форма с окончанием -ing является герундием, а не причастием, если перед ней стоит предлог, существительное в притяжательном падеже или притяжательное местоимение.

2. Герундий отличается от причастия по синтаксическим функциям. В отличие от причастия он может выполнять не только функцию определения и обстоятельства, но и функцию подлежащего и дополнения.

Герундий переводится (1) инфинитивом, (2) отглагольным существительным, (3) деепричастием или (4) личной формой глагола в функции сказуемого придаточного предложения, вводимого союзом что (чтобы) с предшествующим ему местоимением в соответствующем падеже (тем, о том и пр.).

Примеры:

1. Reading books is useful.

Чтение книг полезно. Читать книги полезно.

2. I like reading.

Я люблю читать. Я люблю чтение.

3. On coming home he always has a rest.

По приходу домой он всегда отдыхает. Придя домой, он всегда отдыхает.

4. The student was proud of having fulfilled this work in time.

Студент гордился тем, что он выполнил эту работу вовремя.

5. He was proud of his daughter's (her) having fulfilled her work so well.

Он гордился тем, что его дочь (она) так хорошо выполнила работу.

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.

1. Bad weather prevented them from finishing their work in time.

2. You can master the language by speaking English every day.

3. Instead of staying at home she went for a walk.

4. I remember having given you this book.

5. Stop smoking. It is so stuffy in the room.

6. My friend was very quick in learning this foreign language.

7. We know of his having gone to London.

8. He began determining the properties of the new material.

9. There are different ways of obtaining the substance.

10. After graduating from the Institute he worked at a plant.

11. The problem of obtaining power was solved.

12. At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work.

13. Seeing is believing.

14. The professor began making the experiment last year.

15. It is no use speaking to her.

Конверсия

Образование новых слов из существующих без изменения написания слов называется конверсией. Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от соответствующих существительных.

Например:

water – вода → to water – поливать,

control – контроль → to control – контролировать,

cause – причина → tо саuse – причинять, являться причиной.

Может иметь место и обратный процесс, т.е. образование существительных от глаголов. Например: fallout – радиоактивные осадки (от глагола to fall out – выпадать).

Глаголы могут быть образованы и от прилагательных. Например: empty – пустой → tо empty – опорожнять.

Упражнение 2. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся выделенные курсивом слова.

1. He works as a teacher.

2. Оne of Mendeleyev's important works is his book «Principles of Chemistry».

3. Your report was very interesting.

4. He reported the results of the experiment.

5. He devoted his life to the progress of his country.

6. If you do not work hard you'll make no progress.

7. He thought about his future work.

8. The book contained his thoughts about further development of national economy.

9. I have a present for you.

10. In 1859 he presented his thesis.

11. On my return home I called her up at once.

12. My father will return tomorrow.

13. His experiments resulted in a new discovery.

14. The telephone is the invention of the 20^th century.

15. Sam didn't telephone me yesterday.

Vocabulary Notes

Задание. Переведите следующие предложения.

1. to shout = to cry – кричать

Our director never shouts at anybody even when he is nervous.

2. criеr – глашатай

Many centuries ago criers informed people about the events.

3. old-fashioned – старомодный

This dress is old-fashioned.

4. in order to – чтобы, для того чтобы

I went to the post-office in order to send a telegram.

5. kind – вид

There are many kinds of technical schools in our town.

6. to print – печатать

People learned to print many years ago.

7. by hand – вручную

At present few works are done by hand at our plants.

8. drawing – рисунок

Many ancient drawings were found by our archeologists.

9. to have at smb’s disposal – иметь в … распоряжении

We have many text-books at our disposal.

10. surface – поверхность

The surface of type was covered with ink.

11. to bear (bore, borne) – нести, носить

The type invented by John Fell bore his name.

12. to carve – рeзать, вырезать (по дереву или кости)

His hobby is carving.

13. block – деревянная печатная форма

The first blocks were carved by hand.

14. type – шрифт

Movable metallic type was invented by Gutenberg.

15. to compose – набирать

Type may be composed by hand or mechanically.

16. plate – пластина, форма

Stereotyped plates were very convenient for printing.

17. to coat – покрывать

Plates may be coated by nickel or chromium.

18. resin – смола

Resin is a sticky substance that flows out from plants and trees.

19. wax – воск

Wax is a soft yellow substance made by bees.

20. invention – изобретение

The invention of printing dates back to the 9^th century.

21. to play a part – играть роль

His experiments play an important part in our work.

22. art – искусство

The art of printing is being constantly developed.

23. papermaking – изготовление бумаги

Papermaking is a very complex art.

24. to try – пытаться, стараться

He tried to prove his being right.

25. to try out – делать опыты, пробовать

He tried out many ways of creating a new material.

26. to spread (spread, spread) – распространять(ся)

The news spread about the town with great speed.

27. cheap – дешевый

Cheap kinds of paper are produced at this enterprise.

28. quality – качество

The quality of goods was very high.

29. to appear – появляться

Printing appeared in Russia in the 16^th century.

30. appearance – внешний вид

The appearance of books has changed very little since the 18^th century.

31. assistant – помощник

The professor and his assistant wanted to complete their experiments by May.

32. letter – буква

The line is composed of letters on some machines.

33. change – изменение

Great changes are performed in many branches of industry.

34. to change – меняться

He has changed very much in his manner but his appearance has remained the same.

Text 1A

Задание. Прочтите текст.

Many, many years ago a town crier ran through the streets and shouted out all the news. But now we live in the Atomic Age. Too many things happen too quickly for us to learn about them in the old-fashioned way. That is why we have to read more and more in order to find out what is happening in the world.

Have you ever thought about the kind of books people used long ago? It is only last 500 years that books have been printed on paper. Before that time the only way of making books was to write them by hand. No one knows when writing first began, but we have found drawings on the walls of caves and scratchings on bones which are at least 25,000 years old.

By the end of the 2^nd century A.D. the Chinese had discovered printing. They had at their disposal the three elements necessary for printing: paper, ink and surfaces bearing texts carved in relief. By the 6^th century wood blocks had appeared. To make a print, the wood block was inked, a sheet of paper spread on it. Only one side of the sheet could be printed.

About 1041-48 a Chinese alchemist made movable type. He composed texts by placing types, made of an amalgam of clay and glue hardened by baking, on an iron plate coated with a mixture of resin, was and paper ash. This plate was heated and then cooled and the type solidified. Type could be reused.

The invention of paper played a very important part in the development of books. In the 11^th century the art of papermaking reached Europe but no trace of printing was found in Europe until 1423. Johann Gutenberg is known to have secretely tried out ways of printing in Strasburg, Germany, in 1440.

The alloy used for type was a mix of lead, tin and antinomy – the same components used today.

A 42 line Bible was printed in 1456.

The knowledge of the methods of printing spread so quickly over the continent of Europe that by the year 1487 nearly every country has started printing books. Later people began to learn how to make paper more quickly and cheaply and of better quality.

As a result of this, books became much lighter and smaller.

The first person to print books in the English language was William Caxton, in the Russian language – Ivan Fedorov.

The first book printed in the Russian language appeared in Moscow on the first of March, 1564. Up to that time there were only handwritten books in Russia. The house built for printing books was not far from the Kremlin. At that time it was one of the best buildings in the Russian capital. Ivan Fedorov and his assistants were the first to use Russian letters.

By the 16^th century books looked very much as they do today and since then very little change has been made in their appearance.

Упражнение 3. По признакам герундия, отличающим его от причастия, определите, в каких из следующих предложений употребляется герундий, а в каких – причастие. В зависимости от этого переведите предложения.

1. Being in Moscow I visited some museums.

2. While being in Moscow I visited some museums.

3. My friend being in Moscow, I often write to him.

4. My friend's being in Moscow enabled him to visit some museums.

5. They were surprised at his being late.

6. I have just heard of his being in Moscow.

7. Being sent to Moscow he visited some museums.

8. His being sent to Moscow was quite unexpected.

9. They object to his being sent to Moscow.

10. Some of our students being sent to Moscow, our group had some difficulties in carrying out the experiments.

11. I insisted on his letter being sent today.

12. Having been cooled for two hours the mixture was examined.

13. The experiment having been carried out, the students went home.

14. Her having finished her work in time was reported by her friends.

15. Everything depended on your finishing work in time.

16. My friends having finished their work. the results were published in the magazine.

17. They succeeded in having finished their work in time.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на –ing-forms.

1. He likes telling such stories.

2. We spent much time lying in the sun and swimming during our holidays.

3. When will you begin studying this subject?

4. Having turned on the radio we began listening to the evening program.

5. After having been asked by the teacher she went on doing her work.

6. While changing his report he used many reference-books.

7. The student trying out the new material has a good knowledge of English.

8. Having finished his drawing he showed it to the teacher.

9. His method of printing booklets is very interesting.

10. Instead of using an automatic device he made this work by hand.

11. Printing appeared in Russia in the 16^th century, Ivan Fedorov being the pioneer of printing books in Russia.

12. The courses having been completed, Tsiolkovsky was given the post of a teacher.

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на герундий.

1. After coming home I began to help about the house.

2. She passed by without recognizing one.

3. In reciting the poem he missed a line.

4. I was greatly surprised at hearing the news.

5. She went to bed without putting out the light.

6. I learn the words by repeating them many times.

7. After finishing his lessons he began to watch TV program.

8. After writing a letter he went to the post office.

9. He listened attentively without interrupting.

10. Before passing his exams he worked hard 8 hours a day.

11. I must think a little before answering.

12. I don’t like being spoken in such a manner.

13. Nick sent a telegram without telling me about it.

14. His having failed at the examination was unexpected.

15. I am surprised at his being asked at the lesson every day.

16. His being busy didn’t prevent him from taking part in this work.

Упражнение 6. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод слов, образованных путем конверсии.

1. The region is cut into two parts by the river.

2. There was a deep cut on his hand.

3. We couldn’t find a dry place anywhere.

4. Why have they placed the bridge here?

5. The battalion approached the town under the cover of the night.

6. Rivers are covered with ice in winter.

7. Dinner has been ordered for 5 o’clock.

8. The soldier must obey the order.

9. The people visited the exhibition.

10. His short visit came to an end but the tried to continue the talk.

11. Many houses are made of wood.

12. The British museum houses many different collections.

13. People will show us the new building.

14. The show began at 6 o’clock.

15. The girl offered him a glass of tea.

16. They found his offer very ingenious.

Text 1B

Задание 1. Прочтите текст, стараясь понять основное содержание (Заметьте время начала и окончания чтения. Этот текст нужно прочесть за 3 минуты, из расчета 90 слов в минуту).

From the time immemorial (незапамятный) men have endeavoured (пытались) to establish a graphic record of their achievements (достижения) in the struggle with the forces of nature. Before the invention of the printing press and paper, all books were written by hand on papyrus, on parchment (пергамент) or an animal skin which was specially treated (обработанный). In the year 105 A.D. a Chinese named Ts’si Lun invented paper, and then the Chinese began to print with wood blocks (клише) on which letters were cut and inked.

The next great printing discovery was movable type (шрифт) made of lead (свинец) so that the tiresome job of cutting wood blocks was eliminated (устранена). Finally, around the year 1440, Johann Gutenberg invented the fist printing press which was operated by hand.

Hundreds of improvements have been invented for the printing press. In 1814 Friedrich Koenig invented the first cylinder press (плоскопечатная машина) which was later used by the “London Times”, and in 1866 Mergenthaler invented the Linotype machine.

Book-printing in Russia was first introduced in the middle of the XVI^th century by Ivan Grozni. In 1553 he gave orders to build a house for this purpose in Nicolskaya street in Moscow. Ten years of hard labour were spent on constructing the house and preparing for printing.

In April 1563, Ivan Fedorov, the organizer of the Printing House, and his closest assistant Peter Mstislavets started setting type and printing “Apostle”, the first book in Russia.

Задание 2. Выберите утверждение, соответствующее содержанию текста.

1. Paper was invented by:

a) a Chinese, b) by a German, c) by an Englishman.

2. Movable type was invented:

a) before the printing press, b) after the printing press,

c) before the invention of paper.

3. The first printing press was operated:

a) by hand, b) by a motor, c) automatically.

4. Book-printing in Russia appeared:

a) in 1553, b) in the beginning of the 16^th century, c) in 1563.

5. Koenig invented:

a) the first printing press, b) the movable type, c) the cylinder press.

Text 1C

Задание 1. Прочтите текст.

It was about 1473-74 that the first book in English was being printed by William Caxton. Caxton learned to print in Cologne and the interesting fact is that both the pioneer printers of Oxford and Cambridge came from that town – Theodore Rood at Oxford and Johann Lair von Siegburg at Cambridge.

Theodore Rood printed the first book at Oxford in 1478. How closely the University authorities controlled the early printers is not known, but they encouraged a printer, Joseph Barnes, to set up his own business in 1585 and gave him the title “Printer to the University”. He and his successors in the next hundred years had small resources and were not equipped for learned work. The idea of a Press owned by the University and controlled by its authorities is due to Archbishop Laud.

Laud considered that University printers were to be thoroughly acquainted with Greek and Latin literature and deeply learned in philological studies. Laud was executed but he had laid the basis of learned printing. John Well carried on Laud’s work. He had presses installed and equipped them with the types which now bear his name. From 1672 to 1686 Fell took charge of printing and publishing for the University. By 1883 the mounting volume of general publishing called for reorganization and enlargement of the printing business. Horace Hart became Controller and Printer to the University and remained until 1915.

Hart introduced up-to-date equipment, including mechanical typesetting. His activities have been carried forward by his successors, including the present Printer, Vivian Ridler.

The printing of dictionaries on reelfed rotary presses was begun in 1959, and photocomposition was introduced in 1960. The bindary has been mechanized and now produces several million bound books a year.

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. Who was the first English printer?

2. Who began printing at Oxford?

3. Who began printing at Cambridge?

4. When was the first book at Oxford printed?

5. Who laid the basis of learned printing at Oxford?

6. When was photocomposition introduced at Oxford?

7. What are dictionaries printed on now?

8. How many books a year are produced now at Oxford?

Задание 3. Прочтите текст еще раз. Озаглавьте его.

Text 1D

Задание 1. Прочтите текст.

In the course of the 19^th century several important innovations laid the foundation for a number of printing techniques that were not directly related to Gutenberg’s invention.

Reproduction of illustrations.

The first process for reproducing illustrations was xylography, using wood cuts that printed in relief and that therefore could be combined with letterpress, the picture blocks and the pieces of type for texts being locked into the same form. As early as the second half of the 15^th century, xylography faced competition from engraving on metal that printed by intaglio; the metal plate (cooper, sometimes brass, zink and even steel after 1806), engraved with a tool or etched with acid, was inked and carefully wiped so that ink remained only in incisions and was transferred to paper under pressure in a cylinder press. Since the intaglio method of printing was not compatible with woodcut printing, sheets of texts and of illustration for the same book had to be printed separately.

Presses for printing curved intaglio engraved plates were perfected during the 19^th century with mechanized inking with the use of rollers and wiping with the use of reflowing cloth bands or rotating disks covered with calico.

Lithography.

The third printing process that had undergone significant development was lithography. In 1796 Aloys Senefelder of Prague investigated the properties of a stone with a calcium carbonate base and a fine, homogeneous, porous surface. A design drawn on its surface with greesy ink, wetted with water and then brushed with ordinary ink, retained the ink only on the design. The latter could be reproduced on a sheet of paper pressed against the stone. Senefelder further established that a metal such as zink had the same properties.

By 1850 the first mechanized lithographic press with a cylinder, flannel – covered rollers for wetting, and rollers for inking was perfected. The fact that it was possible to replace the stone by a zink plate that could be curved made it possible to build rotary presses (the first in 1868) in which the paper passed between the plate-bearing cylinder and the impression cylinder.

Photosensitivity, Gravure and Rotogravure.

In the 1820s Joseph-Nicephore Niepce established that certain chemical compounds are sensitive to light. This marked the origins of photogravure and led to both the invention of photography (between 1829 and 1838) and the use of photographic processes for the printed reproduction of photographs.

In 1852 William Henry Fox Talbot, a. British scientist and inventor invented the screen and also opened the way for a new development in intaglio printing: rotogravure.

The screen was perfected in 1880s, by substituting for the cloth two sheets of glass with uniform parallel lines that crossed perpendicularly. The screen made possible letterpress and lithographic reproduction of the full range of tones by using the effect of the diffusion of light through the mesh of its grid.

In 1862-64 G.W. Swan of Britain invented carbon tissue, paper coated with gelatin that can be rendered photosensitive and exposed to light before being applied to a metal surface of any shape.

In 1878 a Czech, Karl Klietsch, thought of copying a grid screen directly onto carbon tissue, which could be used to transfer the cells necessary for intaglio printing to a cylinder at the same time as the image to be reproduced. In 1895 Klietsch, with English colleagues, founded the Rembrandt Intaglio Printing Company, which published reproductions of pictures on paper by rotogravure. They kept their process a secret.

In a parallel way patents for a slightly different process, in which the image to be reproduced was screened before making the impression on the carbon tissue, were taken out in Germany and the United States. But a workman from the Rembrandt Intaglio Printing Company emigrated to the United States in 1903 and there revealed their secret, and rotogravure became widespread.

Задание 2. Озаглавьте текст 1D.

Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 1D.

1. What was the first process for reproducing illustrations?

2. When were presses for printing intaglio-engraved plates perfected?

3. Who investigated the properties of a stone?

4. What other achievement belongs to this scientist and inventor?

5. What innovations were made in the lithographic press in the 19^th century?

6. Who found new properties in certain chemical compounds?

7. What enabled photography to appear?

8. Who invented the screen?

9. What did the invention of the screen result in?

10. What was the essential of Klietsch’s invention?

11. What new printing process appeared owing to Klietrch’s investigations?

Oral Practice

Topic. My Future Profession

1. You are second-year students. You began to acquire knowledge concerning you future profession of a graphic arts technologist. Say a few words about the reasons of choosing this speciality. Give information about:

1) the department you study at;

2) the subjects you study;

3) scientists–teachers reading lectures and giving lessons;

4) the main subject you should study to master your speciality quite properly;

5) the place where you have practice;

6) what you like and what you don’t like at the Technical University.

2. Listen to the information.

Books, newspapers, magazines are the memory of mankind. We are responsible for this memory because our department trains engineers for graphic arts industry. We are future engineers-technologists. Our main task is to perfect technology. It may be achieved by the introduction of new equipment and technological processes.

One of the main subjects for us is chemistry. We study all kinds of chemistry: organic, inorganic, analytic, physical and collodial. We also study many special subjects: fundamentals of graphic arts technology, light technique.

Graphic arts technologists should have good knowledge of printing processes, equipment and materials. Different printing and binding presses are available in our workshops and laboratories and we not only observe their work but make attempts to use them producing some graphic arts items while having practice.

There is a print-shop at the Technical University. It has the staff of engineers, technicians and pressmen. They take all the necessary steps to keep the mechanical equipment in perfect order. Engineers-technologists take care that all process steps are properly carried out and all printing materials are suited for each printing process.

But at first every item to be printed goes to the Art-and-Copy Preparation Department. At this department the purpose, contents and appearance of the item to be printed are determined. A great number of specialists work at this department. Most of them are graduates of the Technical University.

We understand that we should study properly to become good specialists in our field of activity. Many students of our department take part in scientific research. They investigate processes and materials and make reports at scientific conferences. The results of their research are used at graphic arts enterprises.

The graduates of our department work at enterprises, research institutes, designing and technological organizations all over our country.

3. Прочитайте текст и разделите его на смысловые части.

4. Сделайте короткие сообщения о подготовке специалистов полиграфии-ческого производства используя следующие группы слов:

а) the memory of mankind, main task, to perfect technology, equipment, technological processes;

b) the main subject, good knowledge, to be available, to produce, graphic arts items;

c) print-shop, to take the necessary steps, to carry out, to suit;

d) Art-and-Copy Preparation Department, to determine, purpose, contents, appearance, graduates;

e) to take part in, to investigate, enterprise, research, organizations.

Lesson 2

Грамматика: Инфинитив (Infinitive).

Формы инфинитива.

Основные функции инфинитива.

Основной текст А: Offset Printing.

Формы инфинитива

Функции инфинитива

Инфинитив является основной неличной формой глагола, от которой образуются все личные формы во всех временах. Формальный признак инфинитива – частица to (to read – читать, to live – жить). Перевод инфинитива зависит от его функции в предложении. Инфинитив может выполнять следующие функции.

1. Подлежащего:

To design plans of new buildings is the work of an architect.

Составлять проекты новых зданий – работа архитектора.

2. Части основного сказуемого:

A natural desire of people is to study.

Учиться – это естественное желание людей.

To live is to work. Жить – значит работать.

3. Дополнения:

Не often forgot to register the results of the experiment.

Он часто забывал записать результаты эксперимента.

He promised to come at once.

Он обещал прийти сейчас же.

4. Обстоятельства.

Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства может стоять или в начале, или в конце предложения. Он отвечает на вопрос «для чего?» и может вводиться союзом so as (to) и in order to – для того, чтобы.

Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства переводится инфинитивом с союзом «для того, чтобы», «чтобы» или отглагольным существительным с предлогом «для».

1. (In order) to get this book I had to go to the library.

Для того, чтобы получить эту книгу, мне пришлось пойти в библиотеку.

2. We study English (so as) to read English books on our specialty.

Мы изучаем иностранный язык, чтобы читать книги по специальности.

5. Определения.

Инфинитив в функции определения стоит после определяемого существительного, чаще всего имеет форму страдательного залога и отвечает на вопрос «какой?».

Инфинитив в функции определения переводится определительным придаточным предложением, сказуемое которого имеет оттенок долженствования или будущего времени, например:

The book to be translated is in that bookcase.

Книга, которую нужно перевести, находится в книжном шкафу (Книга, которая будет переведена, находится в книжном шкафу).

Инфинитив в функции определения после порядковых числительных the first, the second и пр. или после прилагательного the last переводится личной формой глагола в том времени, в котором стоит сказуемое английского предложения.

He is always the first to come.

Он всегда приходит первым.

She was the last to join the group.

Она последней присоединилась к группе.

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1. Soldiers and cossacs went to Siberia to find gold.

2. I am to go on an excursion tomorrow.

3. In order to be a concert pianist it is necessary to practice many hours every day.

4. We are glad to have met you.

5. The rules to be studied were very important.

6. Our task is to study English.

7. We decided to meet in the park.

8. The house to be built next month is of the newest construction.

9. To speak English well it is necessary to practice hard.

10. They can take part in social work.

11. He was the last to speak at yesterday’s meeting.

12. The film to be demonstrated at our club consists of two parts.

13. To be a good doctor it is necessary to study for many years.

14. The problem to be solved by our students is very difficult.

Упражнение 2. Определите, в каких предложениях инфинитив выступает в функции подлежащего, в каких – в функции обстоятельства. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.

1. To connect different districts of the city different means of transport are used.

2. To connect different regions of Siberia was not easy.

3. To make Omsk a garden – city many trees and flowers are planted every year.

4. To make the plan simpler is our task.

5. To speak much was not necessary.

6. To speak at the meeting she trained very much.

7. To pass examinations well students must work hard.

8. To attend all lectures is our duty.

9. To enter the Institute he studied at the preparatory courses for two months.

10. To retell children interesting stories was his hobby.

Упражнение 3. Докажите, что в данных предложениях инфинитив выступает в функции определения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The lectures to be delivered are of great interest for the students.

2. The material to be studied is prepared in the laboratory.

3. The lecture to be attended by this delegation will take place in the hall.

4. The book to be translated is on the table.

5. The methods to be analyzed were used at our research institute.

6. He was the last to come to the meeting.

7. The scientist was the first to discover a new element.

8. German Titov was the second to fly into space.

Date: 2016-05-14; view: 1348; Нарушение авторских прав