Borrowings in English

Borrowings enter the language in two ways: through oral speech (by immediate contact between people) and through written speech (through books, newspapers, etc.). Borrowings may be direct or indirect (e.g., through Latin, French) Translation borr-gs are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language(wall newspaper - стенная газета). Semantic bor-g is the development in an English word of a new meaning under the influence of a related word in another language. (pioneer meant 'explorer', пионер - a member of Organization).

The fact that different languages served as sources of borrowing at different periods of the development of the English language is accounted for by purely historical causes and facts. So English during its historical development borrowed words from:

1)Celtic: 5^- 6 A. D.;

2)Latin(I group- lc. B.C. 2 group- 7с. A. D. 3group- the Renaissance period (14 - I6^, c.):

3)Scandinavian: 8 -ll с. A. D.:

4)French:Norman borrowings: 11 -13 c. A. D,Parisian borrowings: the Renaissance penod.

5)Greek: the Renaissance period

6)Italian: the Renaissance period and later.

7)Spanish: the Renaissance period and later:

8)Russian: the Renaissance period and later;

9)German. Indian and other languages.

1 В. С. Most of the territory now, known to us as Europe is occupied by the Roman Empire. Trade is carried on, and the Germanic people gain knowledge of new and useful things. Latin: cherry plum, pea, beet, pepper,cup, kitchen. 5 A. D. Through contacts with the defeated Celts, the conquerors got to know and assimilated a number of Celtic words (bald, down, glen, druid, bard, cradle). 7 A. D. the christianisation of England, education - a new period of Latin borrowings.(priest,bishop,monk, nun,candle,school). end8-mid11 several Scandinavian invasions left their trace on English vocabulary. Scandinavian borrowings: call, take, die,husband, window, sky, skill, skin, skirt. 1066. the English were defeated by the Normans,Norman French borrowings: state, government, crime, prison, army, war, soldier, officer, battle,pupil, lesson, library. The Renaissance Period. phenomenon, philosophy, method, music, piano.

Latin affixes: -ion, -tion, -ate, -ute, -ct, -d(e), dis-,-able, -ate, -ant, -ent, -or, -al, -ar.

French affixes: -ance, -ence,-ment, -age, -ess, -ous, en-.

Modern scholars estimate the percentage of borrowed words in the English vocabulary at 65-70