Market penetration, market segment, trademark. 1. A social movement that seeks to increase the rights and powers

1. A social movement that seeks to increase the rights and powers

of consumers. 2. Try to do or be better than someone else. 3. A price

which is likely to be paid for something. 4. The controllable variables

the company puts together to satisfy the target group. 5. Someone who

works in or supports a particular market system. 6. A person who buys

goods or services for their own use. 7. The collection and examination of

information about things that people buy or might buy and their feelings

about things they have bought. 8. The forces that decide price levels in an

economy or trading systems whose activities are not influenced or lim-

ited by governments. 9. Convenient places where buyers and sellers can

meet one-on-one to exchange goods and services. 10. Any series of firms

(or individuals) from producer to final user or consumer. 11. Trying to

increase sales by selling present products in new markets. 12. A fairly

homogeneous (similar) group of customers to whom a company wishes

to appeal. 13. A person who buys goods from a producer and makes a

profit by selling them to a shop or a user. 14. Products that offer the

buyer a choice. 15. Trying to increase sales of a firm’s present products

in its present markets. 16. A legal term that includes only those words,

symbols or marks that are legally registered. 17. A (relatively) homo-

geneous group of customers who will respond to a marketing mix in a

similar way.

8. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

The term marketing comes … the word market, which is a group …

potential customers … similar needs who are willing to exchange some-

thing … value … sellers offering various goods and/or services – that

is, ways … satisfying those needs. Of course, some negotiation may be

needed. This can be done face-to-face … some physical location. Or it

can be done indirectly – … a complex network … middlemen who link

buyers and sellers leaving far apart. … primitive economies, exchanges

tend to occur … central markets. Central markets are convenient places

where buyers and sellers can meet one-on-one to exchange goods and

services. We can understand macro-marketing better … seeing how and

why central markets develop.

Imagine a small village … five families – each … a special skill … pro-

ducing some need-satisfying product. … meeting basic needs, each fam-

ily decides to specialize. It’s’ easier... one family to make two pots and

another to make two baskets than... each one to make one pot and one

basket. Specialization makes labour more efficient and more productive.

It can increase the total amount … form utility created. Specialization

can also increase the task utility … producing services, but … the mo-

ment we’ll focus … products that are physical goods.

If these five families each specialize … one product, they will have to

trade … each other. It will take the five families 10 separate exchanges to

obtain some of each … the products. If the families live near each other,

the exchange process is relatively simple. But if they are far apart, travel

back and forth will take time. Who will do the travelling – and when?

Faced … this problem, the families may agree to come … a central

market and trade … a certain day.

Read the passage again and speak on central markets.

9. Complete the sentences with the words given below.

micro-marketing, question, marketing, broad, welfare, making, obvious,

company, marketing system, delivery, activities, macro-marketing, needs,

support, social, advertising, focus on, define, definition, between, advanced,

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