Engines

The two most common types of engines for cars are the petrol engine and diesel engine.

Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines. This makes them cheaper, and this is why most cars use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel engines. They usually go foster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel than petrol en­gines, and this is why trucks use them. They are also safer than petrol engines, because there is less danger of fire.

There are two main types of petrol engine - 4-stroke and 2-stroke. All cars use 4-stroke engines. But most motorbikes use 2-stroke engines. They are lighter and smaller than 4-stroke engines, and are there­fore cheaper.

Section 4

1.Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы, данные после текста.

2.Составьте перечень основных характеристик автомобиля.

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The "UAS" Model

This model designed as "go anywhere" vehicle is built by the Ulyanovsk Plant. It gives high performance under all conditions. All the four wheels of this model are driving ones. Roadless is easily over­come at medium speeds. Stable suspension gives great riding comfort even under off-road conditions.

To protect passengers and the driver from sun rays, winds and rains the UAS is equipped with a weather proof hood. In cold weather an effective heater system may be switched on.

This model possesses excellent road stability and is easy in con­trol. Well-balanced, synchromesh gearbox, effective brakes provide additional conveniences for the driver. Maintenance of the car is ex­tremely simple, as all points, which are frequently lubricated and ad­justed are easily accessible. The body is an all-metal, two-door, eight - seater construction. The clutch is of a single dry plate type.

The transmission has three forward and one reverse speeds. The lower gear can be put in only when the front axle is engaged.

1. At what plant is the model built?

2. Does it give high performance under all conditions?

3. At what speeds is roadless overcome?

4. What is done to protect passengers from wind and rain?

5. What may be switched on in cold weather?

6. Why is maintenance of the car extremely simple?

7. How many speeds has the transmission?

Section 5

1.Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его.

2.Найдите в тексте предложения, где говорится о раздаточной коробке передач.

3. Какие тормоза используются в данной модели автомобиля?

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The new vehicle was designed and built by the General Engineer­ing Division. A conventional chassis, rigid axles and leaf spring sus­pension are used in this car. However, the frame has been modified to improve the angle of turning. The rear suspension incorporates rubber spring washers. There are telescopic shock absorbers all around. This car has four-wheel drive, it is fitted with larger tires. The wheels are driven through a four-speed gearbox, third and the top gears being synchromesh. The car is also fitted with a transfer gearbox with a 1.148:1 high ratio and a 2.4:1 low ratio. This gives the car eight forward and two reverse speeds. Both front and rear axles incorporate spiral bevel differentials. Brakes are of drum type with servo assistance and the steering system is modified. The car is powered by a six-cylinder engine, which resulted in a maximum average speed of 55 miles per hour. It should be noted that ventilation is provided by means of a standard air system.

Section 6

1.Прочтите текст.

2.Напишите основные характеристики автомобиля в порядке их важности по вашему мнению.

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What Motor-Car Buyers Want

In answer to a questionnaire sent out by the General Motors Cor­poration relating to the general characteristics considered most im­portant in cars, 211000 replies were received. According to the Auto­mobile Daily News, car users specified the following characteristics, listed in order of their importance:

1.reliability;

2.operating economy;

3.safety;

4.appearance;

5.comfort;

It is very significant that pick-up and speed, frequently stressed in automobile advertising, are, according to the answers of this question­naire, considered of least importance by the car buyers.

Section 7

1.Прочтите текст.

2.Найдите в тексте предложение, где говорится о способе переключения коробки передач, и переведите его.

3.Каков основной недостаток этого узла? Найдите в тексте это пред­ложение и переведите его.

4.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.

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