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T E X T B. Read and translate the text:
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Read and translate the text:
Cells: the Smallest Units of Life, their Structure
All living things, except for the very smallest, are made up of many units called cells. Although they basically contain the same structures, cells are very varied in shape, size and function. There are many millions of cells in every human being, all too small to be seen individually without microscope. Sperm cells are particularly small, about five-hundredths of a millimetre long. The very largest cells are bird’s eggs, in which most of the bulk is a food store called the yolk.
Each cell contains a nucleus, which looks like a dot under an ordinary microscope and is embedded in a jelly-like mass called the cytoplasm. Using an electron microscope, which gives a greater magnification, various structures (organelles) canbe seen in the cytoplasm. Each of these organelles does a special job.
The nucleus controls the shape, size and functions of the cell and it contains the hereditary material. Around the outside of the cell is a very thin membrane called the plasma membrane, which is made of protein and fat. It acts as a sieve, allowing certain chemicals to pass through, while at the same time keeping others out. Within the cell is a complex series of channels bounded by membranes, the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a sieve and as a means of transport for substances in the cytoplasm. Another membrane system, the golgi apparatus, secretes substances made by the cell.
Among the most important cell structures in the cytoplasm are mitochondria and ribosomes. The mitochondria are organelles in which the complicated processes of respiration take place; they release the energy that keeps the cell alive. The ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes, which are made of RNA (ribonucleic acid), are very small structures that help to маке proteins - a process controlled by the nucleus. Protein-making is vital for the working of the cell because some proteins are enzymes, the catalysts for all the processes of life (a catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without itself being used up). Nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes are found in both animal and plant cells. Some cells contain other structures or materials for doing special jobs. For instance, haemoglobin is found in blood cells, contracting strands in muscle cells and chloroplasts in plant cells.
CRAMMAR EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Choose the right form of the nouns.
1. All the work was done by one (persons, person). 2. In the first study (years, year) the author's (familiarity, familiarities) with the study area, breeding phenology and with the behaviour of the particular species during the breeding (sеason, seasons) was poor, but it grew from year to year. 3. This (factors, factor) probably had the greatest (effect, effects) on the accuracy of the (result, results). 4. Our (experiment, experiments) proved that the energy requirements of (erythrocytes, erythrocyte) increase when the (cell, cells) are deformed by mechanical stress. 5. From a practical and logistic standpoint it is important in a transfusion service to be able to store red blood cells in a refrigerator for some (week, weeks). 6. Some external cellular (structures, structure) have basic (functions, function) in the cell metabolism, while others are directed to the environment. 7. The importance of surface structures in phytopathogenic (bacteria, bacterium) is well known. 8. Genetic (basis, bases) of disease resistance can only be analysed with proper quantification of the scoring. 9. It is very unlikely that all the above-mentioned complex (phenomena, phenomenon) are governed by a few major genes rather it seems more convincing that a large number of (gene, genes) are responsible. 10. Another question concerns their possible significance for the assessment of genetic (risk, risks) in (mеn, man), using the doubling-dose (method, methods).
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into Russian, pay attention to the plural form of the nouns.
1. Of the four analysed heavy metals lead showed the highest toxicity. 2. The concentration of this metal found in the river water was lethal for the alga, while half of this concentration still strongly inhibited growth of the culture. 3. The solutions of normal equations for these functions result in parameters of regression equations and on this basis the estimations of weights were obtained. 4. In dystrophic lakes rich in organic matter the number of bacteria is dearly lower than in eutrophic ones. 5. There is no single minimum and no group of minima which would be significantly lower in energy from the others. 6. Divergent data can be found in the literature concerning the growth of algae in environments with cadmium and sine. 7. All the species under study nested on islands in the river current, although there were in many places structurally convenient habitats on the river banks. 8. This is therefore the most reliable method of retrospective calculation of weights on the basis of mean body length of fish.
Ex. 3. Make plural forms of the following words and translate them into Russian.
flower, idea, bench, means, news, man, ox, monkey, potato, horse, army, analysis, bacterium, craft (судно), mouse, leaf, cuckoo, path, crises, nose, phenomenon, fungus, species, deer, lady, datum, hero, life, wolf, formula, fish (сорт рыбы), health, date (финик), oriels, thesis, foot, rose, oat, house, bird, key
Ex. 4. Make plural forms of the following words and group them according to the model.
Model: man – men basis - bases
tooth – teeth crises - crises
woman, agendum, child, louse, stratum (слой общества), goose, mouse, foot, hypothesis, сriterion, datum, ox, analysis, index, stimulus
Ex.5. Correct the mistakes in these sentences using the right numbers.
1. After the game I heard the crowd was over twenty thousands.
2. We arrived on the ten September.
3. There were two hundreds twenty altogether.
4. My birthday is thirty-one August.
5. My phone number is seven twenty three, six nought nine.
Ex. 6. Answer these questions. Pay attention to the numbers.
1. When were you born?
2. How much do you weigh?
3. What is the number of the flat or house where you live?
4. Is that an odd or an even number?
5. What is your phone number?
6. What is the approximate population of your town?
7. What is the approximate population of your country?
8. What is the normal temperature of a healthy person?
9. How many kilometers are there in a mile?
Ex. 7. Complete the sentences. Use: myself, yourself, yourselves, each other etc.
1. He looked at... in the mirror.
2. I’m not angry with you. I’m angry with....
3. When we go on holiday, we always enjoy....
4. Mary and Jane were at school together, but they never see... now.
5. Many people talk to... when they are alone.
6. There’s food in the kitchen. If you and Chris are hungry, you can help....
7. Margaret had a nice time in London. She enjoyed....
8. He never thinks about other people. He only thinks about....
9. I want to know all about you. Tell me about.... (one person)
10. I picked up a very hot plate and burnt....
11. Goodbye! Have a nice holiday and look after.... (two people)
12. My friends had a nice time in Moscow. They enjoyed....
Ex. 8. Put in: some, any, no, something, somebody, anything, anybody, nothing, nobody, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere.
1. I’m going to the post office. I need... stamps.
2. There aren’t... shops in this part of town.
3. Alice and George haven’t got... children.
4. Do you know... good hotels in London?
5. Have you got... brothers or sisters?
6. She said... to me but I didn’t understand it.
7. Do you know... about politics?
8. I went to the shop but I didn’t buy....
9.... has broken the window. I don’t know who.
10. There isn’t... in the bag. It’s empty.
11. I’m looking for my keys. Has... seen them?
12. I didn’t eat... because I wasn’t hungry.
13. This is a secret. Please don’t tell....
14. There is... sugar in your coffee.
15. Do you know where Jane is? No, I’ve got... idea.
16. The weather was cold but there was... wind.
17. Everything was correct. There were... mistakes.
18. They want to go on holiday but they’ve got... money.
19. She has got... free time.
20. That house is empty.... lives there.
21. Jack has a bad memory. He can’t remember....
22. I’m afraid I can’t help you. There’s... I can do.
23. I don’t know... about car engines.
24. She spoke very fast. I didn’t understand....
25. Helen has gone away.... knows where she is. She didn’t tell... where she was going.
26. Tom lives... near Moscow.
27. I’m looking for my glasses. I can’t find them....
28. I don’t like cold weather. I want to live... warm.
29. I’m staying here. I’m not going....
30. I don’t like this town. There is... to go.
31. We always go to the same place. Let’s go... different.
32. What’s that letter? – It’s... important.
33. Why are you standing? – Because there isn’t... to sit.
34. All the hotels were full. There was... to stay.
35. Children need... to play with.
Ex. 9. Put in: there + is/are/was/were/has been/will be.
1.... a good film on TV yesterday.
2.... enough space for the museum there.
3.... 24 hours in a day.
4. How many departments... at the faculty today?
5.... a party at the club last Friday but I didn’t go.
6. Why are those policemen outside the bank?... a robbery.
7. When you arrive tomorrow... somebody at the station to meet you.
8. More than 80 years ago... 3 departments at the faculty. Now... nine.
9. Last week I went back to the town where I was born. It’s very different now.... a lot of changes.
10. I think everything will be O.K. I don’t think... any problem.
Ex. 10. Put in: it or there.
1.... rains a lot in writer.
2.... was a strong wind yesterday.
3. How far is... from your house to the University.
4.... was a nice day yesterday.
5. We can’t go skiing.... isn’t any snow.
6.... is hot in this room. Open the window.
7. We didn’t visit the museum.... wasn’t enough time.
8. I’m sorry I’m late.... is a lot of traffic.
9. Is... a swimming pool at the University?
10. I’ll do my packing today because... won’t be time tomorrow.
Ex.11. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct form and translate the sentences.
1. When is (long) day of the year?
2. Winter is (cold) season.
3. Moscow is (large) than St. Petersburg.
4. My friend’s car is not so (new) as my car.
5. Where is it (beautiful): in the mountains or near the sea?
6. It was (bad) cold I’ve ever had.
7. In spring days are (long) than in winter.
8. It is (cold) today than it was yesterday.
9. The Russian grammar is (difficult) than the English one.
10. It was (good) meal I’ve ever had.
11. The Caucasus are (high) mountains in Europe.
12. Friendship is (strong) than steel.
13. (Long) day has an end.
14. Health is (good) than wealth.
Ex.12. Which is right? Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the adjectives and adverbs.
1. Don’t eat so quick/ quickly. It’s not good for you
2. You are a good runner. You run fast/ fastly.
3. Can you speak slow/ slowly, please?
4. Bill is a very careful/ carefully driver.
5. Where’s Diane? – She was here but she left sudden/ suddenly.
6. Some companies pay their workers very bad/ badly.
7. I met them a long time ago, so I don’t remember them very good/ well.
8. She works hard/ hardly.
9. I usually go to bed late/ lately.
10. Don’t speak to me so cold/ coldly.
11. You sound happy/ happily.
12. Can you tell me the exact/ exactly time of his arrival?
13. Sorry, but I don’t know exact/ exactly when he comes back.
14. They have lived all their life happy/ happily.
15. These flowers smell nice/ nicely.
16. He looks cold/ coldly.
17. I don’t want the soup. It tastes horrible/ horribly.
Ex.13. Present, Past, Future Simple Tenses in the Active Voice. Use the proper form of the verb, read and translate.
1. My everyday activities (to be) quite routine.
2. They not (to differ) from those of any other working person.
3. My working day (to begin) at 7 a.m.
4. For breakfast I usually (to have) fried eggs, tea or coffee.
5. It (to take) me 20 minutes to get to my hospital by bus.
6. At 8:30 a.m. I (to take) up my duties at the hospital for the duration of 24 hours.
7. It (to be) my obligation to take due care of the sick people.
8. I’ll (to have) a two-days’ rest before my next turn to be on duty.
9. I’ll (to meet) with my friends.
10. We’ll (to visit) some museums on Saturday.
11. They’ll also (to be happy) to see me.
12. We’ll (to enjoy) just seeing each other.
13. I think we’ll (to visit) a restaurant next week.
14. My parents (to encourage) me in my desire to become a biologist.
15. This year I (to realize) my cherished dream to become a student of the biology faculty.
16. I (to manage) to successfully pass my exams to the University.
17. I (to become) a student of the most reputable institution of higher education in Belarus.
18. I (to try) to study to the most of my abilities to achieve my life’s ambitions.
19. I am happy that I (to justify) hopes of my parents.
20. I hope that I’ll never (to regret) my choice.
21. Maybe I’ll (to consider) my future job connected with genetics problems.
22. In the evening, when I’m at home, we (to have) dinner together.
23. We (to use) the possibility to exchange the news.
24. Before going to bed I (to take) a shower and (to clean) my teeth.
25. I often (to sit up) far into the night.
26. What (to be) your bedtime?
Ex. 14. Use the verbs in the right tense form.
1. All living things (to consist) of cells.
2. There (to be) many types of cells.
3. Cells (to exhibit) considerable variation in properties.
4. Almost all cells (to have) a nucleus.
5. Ribosomes (to make) proteins as the nucleus (to tell) them.
6. Cilia (to look) like minute hairs.
7. The students (to have) to pay for the education until 1930 but children from the poor families (to have) an opportunity to study for free.
8. Excavations (to reveal) solid remains of animals which earlier (to inhabit) our planet but (to be) now extinct.
9. The fossils (to prove) that the animal kingdom (not to remain) unchanged but (to be) in a process of steady and continuous development.
10. Ages ago primitive people (to hunt) animals for meat.
11. Take an umbrella with you. It (to rain).
12. Listen! Somebody (to sing).
13. It’s a nice day today but yesterday it (to rain) all day.
14. The accident (to happen) last Sunday afternoon.
15. Jenny (to fall) asleep while she (to read).
16. It’s only 9 o’clock and Ann (to go) to bed already.
17. My mother never (to travel) by air.
18. Jane (to be) a good friend of mine. I (to know) her for a long time.
19. Linda (to read) a newspaper. She (to read) it for two hours.
20. How long you (to live) in this house? – About 10 years.
21. The bus (to be) late. We (to wait) for a long time.
22. I (to be) ready now. I (to finish) my work.
23. The weather is nice at the moment. It (not to rain).
24. What (to do) your sister? - She’s a dentist.
25. You can turn off the radio (I/not/listen) to it.
26. Carol broke her arm. It (to happen) when she (to paint) her room.
27. Yesterday she (to walk) along the road when she (to meet) Jim.
28. They (to stop) to talk for a few minutes when they met.
29. How fast you (to drive) when the police (to stop) you.
30. I (to learn) English for six months.
31. I (to know) Sarah for a long time.
32. How long you (to be) on holiday?
33. How long you (to wait)?
34. Belarus (to be) an independent country since 1991.
35. My aunt (to live) in Australia for many years.
36. What (to do) next weekend? - “Nothing special”
37. Do you know about Dally? – She (to leave) her job. She told me last week.
38. We (to have) a party next Sunday. I hope you can come.
39. We (to meet) at John’s house at 8’oclock tomorrow.
Ex. 15. Write questions in the correct tense.
1. You (to work) today?
2. Why you (to look) at me?
3. Where (to live) your parents?
4. What (to mean) this word?
5. It (to rain) a lot in winter?
6. What you usually (to do) at the weekends?
7. How often you (to read) a newspaper?
8. What time your father (to finish) work in the evenings?
9. What organisms (to appear) first on Earth?
10. How long our solar system (to exist)?
11. How the nervous system (to function)?
12. What all living things (to consist) of?
13. You (to speak) English?
14. You (to watch) TV last night?
15. It (to rain) on Sunday?
16. What you (to do) when the phone rang?
17. Diane (to start) her new job yet?
18. You ever (to be) to London?
19. How long you (to be) married!
20. You (to know) her for a long time?
21. It (to rain) all day?
22. How long your brother (to learn) English?
23. Where you (to be) last night?
24. What time you (to finish) your work?
25. You ever (to meet) famous people?
26. The letter (to arrive) yesterday?
27. The letter (to arrive) yet?
28. How many plays and poems Shakespeare (to write)?
29. You (to wear) your new shoes yet?
30. Your parents (to have) a holiday this year? (2 variants)
31. You (to be) here tomorrow?
32. How old he (to be) next Monday?
33. The exam (to be) difficult? (3 variants)
34. You (to phone) me tomorrow?
35. Where we (to go) for our holidays next year?
36. What time we (to meet) tomorrow?
Ex.16. Put the verbs in Present and Past Simple Tenses in the Active Voice and translate the sentences.
1. Friends (to play) an important role in a person’s life.
2. A friend (to be) a real treasure if you (to have) one. You (to have) one of the most valuable gifts in life.
3. We (to make) friends at school.
4. We (to appreciate) our friendship very much.
5. She (to help) me when I (to be) in trouble.
6. Dasha (to know) me better than I know myself.
7. They (to be) rich who (to have) true friends.
8. She never (to hurt) me.
9. I’m afraid I (to be) not such a good friend for her as she (to be) for me.
10. My friends (to trust) me.
Date: 2015-12-13; view: 571; Нарушение авторских прав