To manage is to foresee

Management, or control, is a part of many processes and phenomena determining the outlook of the contemporary world.

While remaining an art, management now has reliable helpers in electronic computers. Men have learned to control highly complex machine-tools, cars, planes and spaceships. Probing into secrets of living matter, they begin to control the development of plants and animals.

Social life, economic life included, is the most complex area of management. It lends itself to regulation with great difficulty, and it is understandable that experts and laymen alike should take a keen interest both in the findings of research and, especially, in practical experience in this field.

Economics is a very broad concept often used to denote a range of different things. Amidst all these differences the two distinct aspects are shown quite clearly: technical and social. Both are reflected in management. In the technical sense, management has to do with machines, instruments, etc. Men control machines and mechanical systems, and this calls for professional knowledge and special skills. In principle, however, management of this kind pertains to the technical aspect of production and strictly speaking, remains outside the sphere of economics. It is devoid of any social elements. The rules of driving a car or operating a milling machine are mainly the same in Russia, in the USA, in France and in Portugal.

Answer the questions:

1) What is management?

2) What role does the social life play in management?

3) What is economics?

4) What are the two distinct aspects of management?

5) What does the technical aspect of management call for? Why?

6) What does the management of this kind pertain to?

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определяя в них видовременные формы глаголов, и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. They usually take books from the library.

2. She visited her parents last month.

3. He will be reading an English newspaper in the evening.

4. He has already told me about their arrival.

5. They were at the institute at 2 o’clock.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. It is one of the most important subjects at any university.

2. Their office is farther away from the university than ours.

3. The more I thought of the plan, the less I liked it.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There are no tables on the wall.

2. This student could answer any question at the exam.

3. In addition to buyers and sellers, there are some other essential elements in a market economy.

Задание 5. Перепишите слова, определите по суффиксу часть речи.

а) существительное;

б) прилагательное;

в) наречие

и переведите слова на русский язык.

1. weightless; 2. employment; 3. economist; 4. distribution; 5. usually; 6. experimental; 7. transmission; 8. operator; 9. changeable; 10. completely.

ВАРИАНТ 2

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Ответьте на вопросы после текста письменно. Выучите слова (Active vocabulary).

Active vocabulary:

MONEY

Money is indispensable in a society in which commodity exchange takes place. In commodity exchange money plays the role of a universal equivalent, that of a commodity expressing the value of all the other commodities.

Gold is the generally accepted money commodity. Because of its natural properties gold is the most convenient substance to carry out the social function of money. It can be easily broken into pieces and melted and “recombined” without any loss of value. It can also be kept safely as it does not become oxidized. In addition it has relatively small volume for its weight while denoting a considerable value.

Money performs a number of functions. First of all, it serves as a measure of value; that is, it is used to measure the value of all other commodities. Each commodity is sold for a certain sum of money, which expresses its value. The value of commodity in terms of money is called its price.

Money is an ideal unit for expressing the value of all other commodities. What this means is that to measure the value of commodities it is not necessary to have cash. As acts of sale and purchase (i.e. the exchange of commodities for money) are repeated many times, the seller and buyer mentally equate the commodity to a certain amount of money (or gold) corresponding to its value.

When commodities are exchanged with the aid of money, the latter also serves as a means of circulation. To perform this function money has to be real, not ideal. What is important is that anyone receiving these symbols of pays for other commodities. That is why states declare paper money to be legal tender.

Answer the questions:

1) What role has money?

2) Why is gold the generally excepted money commodity?

3) What is the first function of money

4) What is the value of a commodity in terms of money?

5) What is an ideal unit for expressing the value of all other commodities?

6) How does money present the function of circulation?

7) What is the next function of money?

8) When does money become treasure?

9) Is it necessary always to have cash?

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определяя в них видовременные формы глаголов, укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. In his childhood he liked to play hockey.

2. She usually finished her work at five o’clock.

3. They have missed some lectures.

4. They are taking their exam in room 10.

5. Our office is in the centre of the town.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Your advice is more important for us than hers.

2. Britain has a lower level of unemployment than any other major European Union (EU) country.

3. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There are some tables on the wall.

2. There is no difference between these two figures.

3. I didn’t have any money and I was unable to start my own business.

Задание 5. Перепишите слова, определите по суффиксу часть речи:

а) существительное;

б) прилагательное;

в) наречие

и переведите слова на русский язык.

1. sharply; 2. possible; 3. economic; 4. monetary; 5. poverty; 6. industrial; 7. distribution; 8. personal; 9. extraction; 10. early.

ВАРИАНТ 3

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Ответьте на вопросы после текста письменно. Выучите слова (Active vocabulary).

Active vocabulary:

GREAT BRITAIN: FOREIGN TRADE.

No other country in the world is more dependent on foreign commerce than Great Britain. Nearly all the raw materials used in her factories must be imported from abroad. The home market cannot consume more than half of the commodities produced. New markets abroad must be found and maintained. Competition with the other world powers for these markets is much greater now than it was during the nineteenth century.

The balance of trade is the relation between the value of a country’s imports and the value of its exports.

The value of goods imported to exceed the value of goods exported has been a characteristic of the British balance of trade upward of a hundred years. It means that the trade balance is unfavorable. But it is important to note that the balance of trade takes into account only the import and export of goods. In addition to supplying one another with goods countries perform services for one another, and this also has to be paid for. Payments for services form the so-called «invisible» items in a country’s balance of payments. Those for goods in the balance of trade are called «visible» items. In most years Great Britain’s income from invisible items has been more than sufficient to cover the deficit in its balance of trade.

What, then, are these services which give rise to invisible items in the balance of payments? First, it is shipping. Not only are most of Great Britain’s imports and exports carried in British ships, but a good deal of trade in which Britain has no direct interest – for example, between South America and southern Europe – is undertaken by British shipping companies. At one time most of the goods entering into trade were carried in British ships. Two World Wars have, however, greatly reduced this country’s share in the carrying trade of the world, but Great Britain still derives a considerable income from its source.

Answer the questions:

1) Why does Great Britain depend on foreign trade?

2) What is the balance of trade?

3) What is the characteristic of the British balance of trade?

4) What does the balance of trade take into account?

5) What do countries perform each other in addition to supplying?

6) What are the so-called “invisible” and “visible” items of a country balance?

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, определяя в них видовременные формы глаголов, и укажите их инфинитив. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. He came home at 8 o’clock yesterday.

2. They have decided to spend their summer holidays in the south.

3. They were at the conference last week.

4. I shall see him tomorrow.

5. The student is answering the teacher’s questions.

Задание 3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. It is one of the most important subjects at any university.

2. The more I studied mathematics, the more I liked it.

3. The better economy works, the better off are the people.

Задание 4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Any of us can carry this experiment.

2. There are some definitions of economics.

3. People on low incomes sometimes take out loans, borrow money from banks.

Задание 5. Перепишите слова, определите по суффиксу часть речи:

а) существительное;

б) прилагательное;

в) наречие

и переведите слова на русский язык.

1.employment; 2. undoubtedly; 3. fiscal; 4. investment; 5. growth; 6. primary; 7. sector; 8. transportation; 9.slightly; 10. substantial.

ВАРИАНТ 4

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его письменно. Ответьте на вопросы после текста письменно. Выучите слова (Active vocabulary).

Active vocabulary: