Задание 1.5 Put the verbs in the Past Tense

План практических занятий

Тема 1: Fundamentals

Задание 1.1 Read and translate the text:

Print Media

Topical surveys on the significance and use of print media prove that the need for print media is growing worldwide. This is indicated by the fact that at the end of the millennium Time Magazine acknowledged the sociocultural significance of the invention and utilization of book printing and elected Johannes Gutenberg’s work as the most crucial event of the millennium. It is true that the age of electronic media has started; however printed information is and remains omnipresent. Depending on level of education, income, and household type, between US$ 20 and US$ 55 per month and household were spent in Germany in 2010 on books, brochures, magazines, and newspapers. The market for print products offers more variety than ever before. Usually, printed products are categorized into commercial printing and periodicals. This classification differentiates printed matter with regard to its frequency of publication. Since the production process also depends largely on these basic conditions, print shops usually specialize in one or the other market segment.

Commercial printing refers to print products that are produced occasionally (e.g., catalogs, brochures, leaflets, business cards, etc.). Periodicals are printed matter that appears periodically (e.g., newspapers, journals, magazines). Publishing houses and companies are the typical clients for periodicals printing. These individual groups are described briefly in the following.

Books

Gutenberg’s work and his invention, printing with movable lead type, in the middle of the fifteenth century triggered a revolution in book production. A much greater proportion of the population had the chance to acquire education, culture, and information than had ever been possible with hand-written books. Consequently, illiteracy decreased in the following centuries. Books continued to be colored by hand

even after Gutenberg’s invention, so that very colorful volumes of high quality comparable to earlier ones were still produced.

For over 500 years letterpress was the dominant printing technology for books. Only when phototypesetting and lithographic printing became widespread in the 1970s did the printed book turn into a low cost mass medium. It was not only more efficient production processes but also the availability of inexpensive paper that were decisive reasons for the breakthrough of books as mass media. The printed book developed its independent appearance over time. The form of the type used moved away from imitated script types to its own type forms. The number of new book titles produced has grown continually since Gutenberg’s invention. Even today, in the age of electronic media, annual growth rates in book production are still recorded. With close to eighty thousand titles produced annually, Germany is one of the biggest markets for books in the world today. Only China and Great Britain produced more titles in 2007. In 2010 more than 500 million books worth over 3.5 billion Euros were produced in Germany.

The extensive range of books is classified on the one hand in terms of content; on the other, it extends from high-quality, thread-stitched leather volumes with a gilt edge to simple perfect-bound pocket books/paperbacks. Books are offered both in one color (book printing) as well as in top-quality multicolor art publications. The range of books available today in Germany has risen to over 770000 titles. The same applies to other printed products such as magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and brochures.

Magazines

The range of magazines consists mainly of periodicals, including trade magazines, journals, and illustrated magazines. Trade magazines cover a limited field, thus attracting a limited specialist readership. Unlike books, production costs for magazines are not paid for exclusively by the final consumer. Often more than half of the costs are financed by advertising. Magazines are usually published by publishing houses just like books. Unlike books, magazines usually have a shorter lifespan. This is due to the content and it is a major characteristic of the periodical. Since magazines have a limited length of use and differ from books greatly in terms of content, their external form also differs from that of books. Magazine production differs considerably from book production. Magazines are generally multicolored booklets with a flexible cover. They often have a high circulation and are bound using simple binding processes (e.g., wire-stitching, perfect binding). Depending on the circulation, magazines are printed with sheet-fed offset or web offset presses, but rotogravure presses are also used for magazines with a very high circulation.

Newspapers

The newspaper is still one of the most significant mass media today. The first newspapers appeared at the start of the seventeenth century. Pamphlets in the sixteenth century were the precursor of the newspaper. Most newspapers are produced daily and have a high circulation. Some daily papers even appear a few times per day, to ensure that their content is very up-to-date. The two most important categories of newspapers are daily papers (dailies) and weekly papers. The external appearance of newspapers differs considerably from that of magazines. Newspapers normally consist of large-size loose sheets. Several of these loose sheets are combined during production and form an individual section of the paper. A newspaper consists of several sections/parts with varying content called “newspaper books.” Generally, newspapers are produced on special newspaper printing presses. These presses are highly productive web presses, which can print on uncoated paper,

at low cost. The traditional newspaper used to be black and white. Modern printing presses are able to print in color economically. This has created the opportunity to adapt the newspaper’s appearance to today’s expectations (color photographs, color TV), but also to conform to the wish of many advertising customers that their advertisements be published in color. The production of a newspaper is mainly financed by advertising inserts and advertisements. For this reason the ultimate consumer price for a newspaper is relatively low.

Other Printed Media

Packaging represents another important group of printed products. It can be made of very different materials such as paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, glass, and so on. In the first place, packaging is used to protect the actual goods inside, but it also makes for an attractive presentation. At the same time packaging is also printed on to provide information about the package content. All the major printing technologies are used for printing packaging – often in a combination of several technologies.

Задание 1.2 Match the worlds with Russian equivalents:

Задание 1.3 Make up sentences using following words:

a. from, Magazine, differs, book, production considerably production

b. seventeenth, The, appeared, first, the, century,at, newspapers,start, of, the.

c. Gutenberg’s invention, of, The, book, number, has grown, since, new, continually titles, produced.

Задание 1.4 Match the words with appropriate synonyms:

Задание 1.5 Put the verbs in the Past Tense

1 write

2 break

3 use

4 print

5 spend