Насилие и социальные порядки: взгляд в будущее

Если проведенный выше анализ не лишен достоинств, значит, перед нами новый подход к проведению общественно‑научного исследования. Существующий массив знаний в общественных науках может быть трансформирован с помощью новых концептуальных рамок, меняющих само наше мышление традиционных проблем экономики, политической науки, социологии, антропологии и истории. Эта рамка возникает из прицельного рассмотрения вопроса о роли насилия в формировании социальных порядков, институтов и организаций, а также в их развитии со временем. Наши рекомендации для новых исследований подразумевают более глубокое, чем раньше, понимание насилия, институтов, организаций и верований в естественных государствах.

Мы уже достигли некоторого прогресса в понимании институтов и организаций, но нам еще предстоит проделать значительную работу для уяснения политики естественных государств, а также взаимосвязи институтов и организаций, лежащей в основе любого социального порядка, то есть как порядка естественного государства, так и порядка открытого доступа. Кроме того, предстоит проделать еще немалую работу для достижения более глубокого понимания взаимозависимости формальных правил, неформальных норм и правоприменения, которые совокупно определяют работу всей институциональной рамки.

Каждое общество развивается по уникальному сценарию, поэтому для глубокого понимания трансформаций нужно избегать широких обобщений и фокусироваться на осмыслении деталей культурного наследия этого конкретного общества. Политика, которая на Западе привела к созданию открытого доступа, не может быть напрямую использована для обеспечения перехода тех обществ, которые пока еще находятся в ситуации ограниченного доступа [233]. Мир постоянно меняется, и наши представления о том, как функционируют общества, также подвержены изменениям, обусловленным новыми тенденциями и переменами. Мир, который творится нами сегодня, не похож ни на один из тех, что существовали до этого. Готовы ли мы к тому, чтобы понять его, к тому, чтобы иметь с ним дело? Нам будет куда проще, если мы осознаем границы человеческого понимания и станем поддерживать институты, способствующие адаптивной эффективности.

Эти ограничения вполне применимы и к тем концептуальным рамкам, которые были намечены нами в данной книге. Эта рамка уже устарела под напором текущих событий. И все же пришло самое время переосмыслить накопленный за два последние столетия опыт; время признать, что общества открытого доступа – это не просто слегка улучшенные разновидности тех обществ, которые им предшествовали. Тогда как истоки перехода Запада коренятся в XVIII в. (и тех веках, что были до этого), события, которые трансформировали эти общества и привели к образованию нового социального порядка, регулируемого совершенно иной логикой, произошли именно в середине XIX в. С тех самых пор лишь относительно небольшое число обществ и небольшой процент населения мира смогли осуществить переход к открытому доступу. Развитие порядка открытого доступа не только позволило этим обществам достичь мира и изобилия, но также создать институты и организации, благодаря которым насилие стало гораздо более эффективным. Внимание к комплексным переплетениям убеждений, институтов и организаций должно открыть перед нами возможности серьезных исследований самих истоков насилия. Более ясное понимание двух социальных порядков– которые были и которые есть сейчас – это необходимое условие понимания того, куда мы направляемся. Таков вызов, который бросает нам будущее.

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