Exercise 1.Read and guess the meanings of the new words. If you have some difficulties use the dictionary at the end of this book

1) c ivil, civilians. The term “civil engineering” describes engineering work performed by civilians.

2) maintenance. It deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment.

3) to distinguish. It was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with non-military purposes from that of a military engineer

4) to enrich, achievement. The art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science.

5) differentiation. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc.

6) to separate. They separated themselves from civil engineering.

7) power engineering. It is divided now into the main branches: communications engineering and power engineering.

8) water desalination. Water desalination removes salt and other minerals to make water suitable for drinking.

9) to branch off. They branched off from civil engineering.

10) fluid mechanics. Fluidmechanics is the branch of physics that studies fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them.

11) to neglect. Civil engineering is improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected.

12) to shape. Civil engineers quietly shape the history of nations around the world.

13) to envision. We can creatively envision the progress of our tomorrow.

14) semi-detached house or duplex. Semi-detached house consists of pairs of houses built side by side

15) tool shed. There are a lot of funny things in my tool shed.

16) arbour. Our architect designs a unique arbour that adds loads of charm to your front garden entrance.

Exercise 2.Read the international words, mind the stress.

Engineering, professional, design, construction, physical, natural, duplex, canal, airport, system, irrigation, dock, aqueduct, Industrial Revolution, series, mechanical, electrical, atomic, energy, fact, interest, practical, thermodynamics, communication, date, profession, engineer, civilize, start, Rome, protect, public, infrastructure, chemical, process, mechanics, structure, hydraulics.

Exercise 3.Read the sentences, point out the Simple, Continuous, and Perfect Tenses. Give the Russian equivalents. If you have some difficulties use the grammar reference at the end of the book.

1. First the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer for non-military purposes. 2. There were two main branches of engineering. 3. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. 4. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called “mechanical engineers”. 5. It is divided now into several branches. 6. Today civil engineering includes a lot of branches. 7. A civil engineer is a person who practises civil engineering. 8. They are improving existing infrastructures. 9. Civil engineers shape the history of nations. 10. They are exploring civil engineering’s influence on our life.

Exercise 4.Make up your own sentences according to the model.

Model A: This work was performed by them.

They performed this work.

1. This construction was built by them. 2. The art of civil engineering was enriched by them. 3. The aqueduct was designed by civil engineers. 4. The irrigation system has been upgraded by farmers. 5. The infrastructure is used by citizens.

Model B: They usually perform this work.

They have just performed this work.

1. As a rule, they separate themselves from this branch. 2. Future engineers use some aspects of hydraulics in their projects. 3. Environmental scientists and specialists experience the system of protection in our country. 4. They become the leading manufacturers of construction sets. 5. Civil engineering covers different areas of engineering

Exercise 5.Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts and choose the most suitable heading given below for each paragraph.

1) The Civil Engineer

2) From the History of Engineering

3) What is Civil Engineering?

The term “civil engineering” describes engineering work performed by civilians. In general it includes the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. Civil engineering covers different areas of engineering, including the design and construction of large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, railway lines, airports, water-supply and irrigation systems, harbors, docks and aqueducts. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.

First the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer for non-military purposes. And up about the middle of the 18^th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers got interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called “mechanical engineers”. With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of engineering – electrical engineering. It is divided now into main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. Today civil engineering includes the production and distribution of energy, the development of aircraft and airports, the construction of chemical process plants and nuclear power stations, and water desalination. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

While the definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. The civil engineer needs a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, of the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering – the application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating infrastructures while protecting the public and environmental health, as well as improving existing infrastructures that have been neglected. In doing so, civil engineers quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we can creatively envision the progress of our tomorrow. One of the largest benefits of a civil engineering job is that the demand for new facilities and the maintenance of existing ones makes civil engineers always in demand.

Exercise 6. Share your vision about civil engineering using the following phrases: to my mind, in my opinion, if I am not mistaken, as far as I remember, it seems to me, etc.

1) What does the term “civil engineering” describe?

2) What does civil engineering cover?

3) How many branches of engineering were up about in the middle of the 18^th century?

4) How was the civil engineering being developed with the Industrial Revolution?

5) When did civil engineers get interested in the practical application of science?

6) How were mechanical engineers separated from civil engineering?

7) When did electrical engineering appear? What branches is it divided into nowadays?

8) What does civil engineering include today?

9) Did subdivisions of engineering branch off from civil engineering?

10) How old is the profession of civil engineer?

11) What kind of thorough knowledge does he need?

12) What does the civil engineer practise?

13) Who shapes the history of nations around the world?

14) How can we envision the progress of our tomorrow?

15) What is the largest benefit of a civil engineering job?

Exercise 7. Complete logically the following sentences.

1. The term “civil engineering”describes ….

2. In general it includes….

3. Civil engineering covers....

4. With the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories, a number of civil engineers got interested in ….

5. With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared ….

6. Today civil engineering includes ….

7. At one time or another, the subdivisions of engineering branched off from ….

8. The civil engineer needs ….

9. Civil engineers quietly shape ….

10. One of the largest benefits of a civil engineering job is ….

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. You will have a story on the topic as a pattern.

1. Термин «гражданское строительство» включает проектирование, строительство, поддержание физической и естественно архитектурной среды.

2. Гражданское строительство охватывает различные области инженерии, в том числе проектирование и строительство крупных зданий, дорог, мостов, каналов, плотин, железнодорожных линий, аэропортов, систем водоснабжения и ирригации, гаваней, доков и акведуков. 3. Профессия инженера-строителя появилась с возникновением Древнего Рима. 4. Инженер-строитель должен владеть знаниями в области геодезии, механики, физики, гидравлики, а также досконально знать свойства строительных материалов. 5. Примерно до середины восемнадцатого века существовали два основных направления инженерии: гражданское и военное. 6. С началом промышленной революции и позже произошли значительные изменения в области механики, электричества и атомной энергетики. 7. С появлением парового двигателя многие инженеры проявили интерес к практическому применению науки в области термодинамики и механики при создании машин. 8. Они отделились от гражданского строительства и стали инженерами механиками. 9. Инженер строитель – это человек, который занимается гражданским строительством. 10. С развитием электричества появились другие отрасли промышленности.

Exercise 9.Readthetextandmindthemaintypesofhumandwellings.