Упражнение 18

А. Найдите причастие I (Ving) в функции обстоятель­ства, которое может стоять как до, так и после ядра предложения. Такое обстоятельство относится к глаголу-сказуемому и характеризует выраженное им действие.

Б. При переводе на русский язык причастие I в функ­ции обстоятельства может соответствовать:

1) деепричастию несовершенного вида;

2) существительному с предлогом;

3) придаточному обстоятельственному предложе­-
нию.

(В зависимости от вида обстоятельства придаточ­ное предложение может присоединяться сою­зами:

а) когда; в то время, когда - обстоятельство вре­-
мени,

б) так как; поскольку - обстоятельство причины.)

Например: Passing through the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen.

1) Проходя через легкие,...

2) При прохождении через лёгкие,...

3) Когда кровь проходит через лёгкие,...

В. Переведите предложения.

1. (While) passing through the pulmonary capillaries, blood absorbs the oxygen
which entered the body during inhalation.

2. When listening to the lungs, the physician places the stethoscope on many different
areas of the front and back of the chest.

3. When observing a patient, the rate and depth, and ease or difficulty of breathing
are noted.

4. Blood circulates through the blood vessels carrying oxygen and supplying nutrients
to the organs and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products for excretion.

5. The mucus that accumulates in the sinus causes pressure on the sinus walls,
resulting in discomfort, fever, pain, and difficult breathing.

6. Certain kinds of chemicals can affect the skin, causing some forms of dermatitis.

7. A malfunctioning spleen may increase its phagocytic activity to an abnormal
degree, resulting in premature destruction of blood cells.

8. The platelets help the blood to clot, thereby preventing its loss in case of bleeding.

9. Septic shock syndrome occurs when the body attacks its own tissues while trying
to fight off a bacterial infection.

10. When sweat from the sweat glands reaches the surface it evaporates, cooling the
body and thus playing a major part in the maintenance of a temperature level
inside the body.

11. Entering the body through the intestinal tract, the typhoid bacillus starts multiplying in the blood stream, causing fever and diarrhea.

12. Using very thin needles, massage, or mild electrical shocks at specific locations
along a sick person's body, an acupuncturist tries to restore the body's balance.

13. Beginning life as a single cell, the human organism undergoes an extraordinary complicated process of development.

14. Being the only tissue that is in contact with all parts of the body, blood serves as
a system through which food and oxygen are transported to the cells and waste
products are removed.

Упражнение 19

A. Найдите перфектные формы причастия I в действи-­
тельном или страдательном залоге (having + V₃ /
having + been + V₃), которые выполняют функцию
обстоятельства времени или причины и передают
значение предшествования или законченности дей­
ствия по отношению к действию, выраженному гла­
голом-сказуемым.

Б. Обстоятельство, выраженное перфектными форма­ми причастия I, передаётся на русский язык одним из следующих способов:

1) деепричастием совершенного вида;

2) существительным с предлогом;

3) придаточным обстоятельственным предложе-
нием.

Например: Having passed through all the body blood enters the right auricle.

1) Пройдя через весь организм,...

2) После прохождения по всему организму...

3) После того, как кровь прошла по всему
организму, она...

B. Переведите предложения.

1. Having invaded living cells viruses grow and multiply.

2. Having started from the left auricle as pure arterial blood, it returns to the right auricle as impure venous blood.

3. In the infant at birth the entire gastro-intestinal canal is sterile, but remains so for only a few hours, when a number of bacteria appear in faeces, probably having gained access to the intestines by way of the mouth.

4. Certain people are by nature liable to depression, and, having recovered from one attack, they may have another later on.

5. Having benefited from the medical and nutritional advances of the past ninety years, people are on the average living much longer than their ancestors.

6. Having been arrested in the capillaries some tumour cells stimulate the produc-­
tion of fibrin.

7. Having been formed, the bones continue to grow until the body has acquired its full structure.

8. A hormone is a chemical messenger which, having been formed in one organ or gland, is carried in the blood to another organ or tissue, where it influences activity, growth and nutrition.

9. Having determined the proper blood groups, the blood of the donor and the
recipient are directly cross-matched, that is, the red cells of the donor are placed
in contact with the serum of the recipient, and vice versa.