Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words

1. Modern steel, and beams of these mate­rials can span significant distances.

2. Stone and solid concrete have less tensile strength than fibrous wood.

3. This was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times.

4. The central opening of the gateway to the Akropolis in Athens had to accommodate the passage.

5. The iron bars are at the top of the beam, not the bottom, where they would be expected.

6. The tensile strength of the material will be exceeded.

7. A wooden beam over a given span can carry a load that would crack a stone beam carrying the same load.

8. The solution adopted by the architect, Mnesikles, was to hollow out the beam to reduce its own weight.

9. This was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times, by placing iron (and now steel) rods in the formwork.

Exercise 10. Translate the words:

противостоять, напряжение при растяжении, пролет, перекрывать расстояние, прочность при растяжении, растрескиваться, прочность при сжатии, опалубка, железобетон, уменьшать, железный брус.

Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:

a. Passive Voice

b. Noun groups

c. Modal verbs

d. ed-forms

e. ing-forms

UNIT 4

Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:

first, second, because of, as, much, during, by, until, unless, would, either.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:

masonry wall – каменные стены

arch – арка

wedge-shaped voussoir – клиновидный (клинчатый) кирпич

blocks of stone – слои камня

subject (v. n.) – подвергаться воздействию, предмет

eliminate – устранять

generate – производить

distribute – распределять

wooden framework – деревянный каркас (опалубка)

keystone – замковый камень

lay out – укладывать, раскладывать планировать

increase – увеличивать

structural form – конструкционная форма

restrain – ограничивать

arched bridge – арочный мост

feet of the arch – опоры арки

bedrock – подстилающая порода, скальное основание

bear down – опираться на